Judith : an old English epic fragment

JUDITH

General Editor
E.M.BROWN

ST. MICHAEL'S COLLEGE
TORONTO 6f CANADA

SECTION I
ENGLISH LITERATURE

FROM ITS BEGINNING TO THE YEAR IIOO

GENERAL EDITOR

EDWARD MILES BROWN, PH.D.

PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI

2> & «*X ""St PP*«

JUDITH

AN OLD ENGLISH EPIC
FRAGMENT

EDITED .BY

ALBERT S. COOK

PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERA-
TURE IN YALE UNIVERSITY

BOSTON, U. S. A. AND LONDON

D. C. HEATH AND COMPANY

PUBLISHERS

1 4 -1956

COPYRIGHT, 1904, BY
D. C. HEATH & CO.

Printed in United States of America

preface

MY earlier editing of this poem provided considerable
material which I have been able to use with little modifi-
cation in the present work. On the other hand, as the
plan of this book is different, and as new opinions on cer-
tain points had in the mean time been broached, and
needed to be dealt with, the new edition is not a mere
condensation of the earlier. In one respect, however, and
that perhaps the most essential, I have been true to my
first conception : I have endeavored to present the poem,
fragmentary as it is, as a work of art, being persuaded
that unless philological scholarship tends to exalt life, and
the nobler aspects which life has assumed, or under which
it has been conceived, the less we have of it the better.

YALE UNIVERSITY,
Dec. 21, 1903.

itttroDuctfon

MANUSCRIPT

THE manuscript is the well-known Cotton Vitellius
A. XV of the British Museum, probably of the tenth
century, which likewise contains (fol. I29a-i98b) the
poem of Beowulf. The whole manuscript was first
described by Wanley, Catalogus, pp. 218-219 j then in
Planta's Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Cottonian
Library (London, 1802), and elsewhere. Besides the
Beowulf and the Judith, it contains eight other pieces,
these two forming the final ones.

A fire in 1731 destroyed some of the Cottonian manu-
scripts, and injured others, among the latter being this
one. The injury consisted in the scorching of its edges
and the shriveling of certain leaves. In some places the
edges have been chipped away, and words, or portions
of words, lost. It does not appear, however, as Dr.
Tinker remarks (The Translations of Beowulf, p. 8),
that these losses are of so great importance as the remarks
of some prominent Old English scholars might lead one
to suspect 5 1 and it is certain that some awkward read-
ings of the Judith are due to the blunderings of one or
more scribes, though if Foster's conjecture is right, and
the poem was composed about 915, there can hardly have

1 But the injury to the manuscript is of less importance in this case,
since the poem had been printed by Thwaites in 1698, before the injury
occurred (see Bibliography).

viii 3fltttroliuetion

been many transcriptions, on the theory that the manu-
script is of the tenth century. The mixture of dialectic
forms, however, seems to indicate that a Northern origi-
nal passed through one or more hands, and that the last
scribe, at all events, belonged to the Late West Saxon
period. Forms like hehsta (4, 94) and nehsta (73), for
example, point to the North, while such as hyhsta (309)
are clearly West Saxon; so seceS (96), hafaS (197),
medoiverige (229) seem distinctively Northern (Foster,
Judith, pp. 50-51).

The Judith begins in the manuscript immediately
after the Beowulf, and covers fol. i99a-2o6b. A photo-
graphic facsimile of the Beonvulf pages was published by
the Early English Text Society in 1882, with a trans-
literation and notes provided by Professor Zupitza ; and
a page (20ob) of the Judith is similarly reproduced in
my earlier edition, containing lines 55* to 69b. An
autotype facsimile of all the pages of the Judith is in my
possession, and I shall be happy to facilitate its consulta-
tion by scholars.

DATE

Very few of the Old English poems are dated. Those
of which we are most certain are the ones on the battles
of Maldon and Brunanburh, and these must have been
written soon after the respective dates of those battles,
A. D. 937 and 991 j and the Cynewulfian poems, Juli-
ana, Elene, and Christ, which must have been written not
far from the year 800. The latter poems have the name
of the poet spelled in runes, the two former as Cyne-
wulf, the latter as Cynwulf. Now the form Cyne- begins
to appear about 750, and Cyn- about 800 ;' hence the
Christ may be conjecturally dated about 800, or even

1 See Sievers' proofs in Anglia Ij. 11-15.

31ntrotmction ix

later ; the Elene only enough earlier to permit of the
poet's alluding to himself as an old man ; and the Juliana
within the limits of Cynewulf 's activity as a religious
poet. All that can be said with relative certainty is that
the Christ no doubt belongs to the early ninth century,
that the Elene can hardly be more than ten or a dozen
years earlier, at most j and that the "Juliana can be only
a few years earlier than the Elene, if indeed it be not later
(for on this point we have no evidence). Of the remain-
ing poems, the verse translation of the Metres of Boethius
must, at earliest, fall at the very end of the ninth century,
since it was executed either by Alfred or by some later
writer. The interpolated portion of Genesis, known as
Genesis B, can hardly be earlier than the middle of the
ninth century, since it is based upon an Old Saxon poem
which is ascribed to about 830 or 840. Caedmorf s Hymn
would date from about 670, and Bede" s Death-Song from
735. It is generally agreed that in its present form the
Beowulf can not be later than about 750. These are
almost the only poems which can be dated somewhat
independently of others. The Andreas, Guthlac B, and
the Phoenix have been assigned by some critics to Cyne-
wulf, the evidence being perhaps clearest in the case of
the Andreas. The rest of the poems must be dated on
the basis of internal evidence, by a comparison of diction
and metre with those of the foregoing, or perhaps rarely
with Continental poems of date approximately ascertained.
The Judith exhibits some striking correspondences in
phraseology with the Juliana, the Elene, and the Andreas ;
with Genesis A, the Battle of Mai don (Byrhtnoth), and
the Beowulf; and, at a greater remove, with Gifts of
Men, the Dream of the Rood, the Psalms, etc. For
example, the phrase ic &e . . . biddan ivylle (83-84) is
found also in Beowulf and Andreas j cene under cumblum

x 3|ntrolwction

(333) in Andreas j flana scuras, lythnvon beciuom, Pys-
trum forSylmed, in Elene j besides remoter parallels like
hlynede and dynede (Jud. 23): Sonne rand dynede, camp-
<wudu dynede (EL 50-51)5 Jud. 61-63 : &• * 5°-* 5* j
Jud. 220-227: EL 117-1215 on fleam sceacan, ongan his
. . . teran, in Juliana, together with miltse Sinre me
Searfendre (Jud 85): ptet pu miltsige me pearfendum
(Jul. 449)5 bldchleor ides, leoda rjeswuan, swegles aldor,
8<?re tide . . . is neah geprungen, in Genesis A; bord
and brad scwyrd, earn <ktes (#ses) georn, guSe gegremede,
in Eyrhtnoth j bunan and areas, ellor hwearf, him <wiht
ne speow, in Beowulf; helmas (helm) and (oSSe) hupseax,
hare byrnan (oSSe heaSubyrnan), in Gifts of Men ; sarra
sorga, sorgum gedrefed, in the Dream of the Rood.
These are but specimens of a larger numbe^ others may
be found in the Verbal Correspondences of my earlier
edition, or in my article, * Notes on the Judith,* in the
Jour. Eng. and Germ. Phil. 5.153—158. An instance of
a more general resemblance is the appearance of the birds
of prey (Jud. 205-212: EL 27-30, 110-1125 Brun.
60-65 5 Exod. 161-164; Gen. 1983-1985, the passages
being too long to quote), and other features of battle
in the context of the same passages.

Briefly stated, the argument from phraseology results
in the conclusion that, owing to the comparatively large
number of Cynewulfian reminiscences in the Judith, it
can not well be earlier than, say, 825;1 and that owing
to the correspondences between the Judith and the Bru-
nanburh, one of them must have been a kind of model for
the other. That the Judith is the earlier is shown by
the fact that the Brunanburh has a tendency to borrow
largely from earlier poems, no fewer than 35 hemistichs

1 For details see my earlier edition, p. xx, and especially Foster,
Judith, p. 86.

JlntrotiuctiOtt

XI

out of a total of 146 being thus appropriated bodily,
besides 13 hemistichs which are close resemblances ; r and
that the correspondences with the Judith are among the
most striking. Since, as between the two poems, it is the
Brunanburh which more freely utilizes the phraseology
of earlier poems, we may assume that the Judith is
among the earlier poems thus utilized. Now, since the
Brunanburh dates from 937, it results that the Judith
must fall between, say, 810-825 and 937, the pos-
sibility not being excluded that it is by Cynewulf 's own
hand.

More exact dating than this is difficult. In my earlier
edition I suggested the hypothesis that the theme of the
poem was prompted by the arrival in England of that
Judith whom ^thelwulf, the father of King Alfred, had
married on the Continent, an event which occurred in
the year 856. On this hypothesis, the Assyrians of the
poem might have symbolized the invading Danes. Fos-
ter, though agreeing with me in respect to the limits of
date, was inclined to place the poem later than 856, and
indeed to connect it with Queen ^thelflaed of Mercia,
the daughter of King Alfred. Foster says (pp. 90—91):
'^thelflaed, then, is Mercia' s Judith, for she by no
ordinary strategy, we are told, raised her kingdom and
people to their old position. She, like the Hebrew
Judith, abandoned the older strategy of raid and battle,
not indeed to murder the Danish chief, but to build for-
tresses and beleaguer her enemies, ^thelflasd is, then, a
suitable and worthy heroine to have stirred a contempo-
rary poet to his theme. In this estimation [estimate ?]
of her we are confirmed by William of Malmesbury. . . .
This suggestion would place our poem between the
years 915 and 918 or soon after, during which period
1 Foster, Judith, pp. 87, 101.

xii 3]ntrotmetton

she obtained her greatest victories, dying in the last-men-
tioned year. Our other results agree admirably with
this date. It leaves sufficient time for the West Saxon
author of Erunanburh to have become acquainted with
the Judith, time too for it to be transcribed into West
Saxon form, and transcribed again at the end of the cen-
tury in the MS. which we now possess.' x Though the
dates thus suggested, ca. 856 and ca. 915, are nearly two
generations apart, yet it is gratifying that the Judith can
be with some confidence assigned to a period so restricted,
on the strength of nothing but internal testimony.

If we divide Old English poetry, for convenience,
into four successive groups, assigning the first to the
period before 750, the second to that between 750 and
850, the third to that between 850 and 925, and the
fourth to everything after 925, we shall find that Caed-
mon, Eedi s Death-Song, and the core of the Beowulf fall
within the first of these periods ; Cynewulf and much
of the so-called Cynewulfian poetry within the second j
Genesis B and the Metres of Boethius within the third j
and Brunanburh and Byrhtnoth (The Battle of Maldon)
within the fourth — not to mention others. The Judithy
then, by general agreement, belongs to the third of these
periods, 850-925, intermediate between the poetry of
Cynewulf and the patriotic songs of the Chronicle.

SOURCES

The sources of our poem are contained in the Apoc-
ryphal book of Judith. The order of events is not that
of the original narrative. Many transpositions have been
made in the interest of condensation and for the purpose

1 With this date agree the conclusions of Trautmann, Kynt-wulf, pp.

I1O-I12.

3f|ntroDuctton xiii

of enhancing the dramatic liveliness of the story. Be-
sides, the poet has not scrupled to add embellishments
of his own invention, as will be more fully pointed out
under the next head. The passages which seem to have
been directly interwoven into the substance of the narra-
tive are here subjoined in the Douay version, following
the Vulgate,1 upon which the poet depended :

9. 14. Give me constancy in my mind, that I may
despise him ; and fortitude, that I may overthrow him.

9. 17. O God of the heavens, Creator of the waters,
and Lord of the whole creation, hear me, a poor wretch,
making supplication to thee and presuming of thy mercy.

10. 1 6. And be assured of this, that when thou shalt
stand before him, he will treat thee well, and thou wilt
be most acceptable to his heart. And they brought her
to the tent of Holofernes, telling him of her.

10. 19, 20. And Judith, seeing Holofernes sitting
under a canopy which was woven of purple and gold,
with emeralds and precious stones, after she had looked
on his face, bowed down to him, prostrating herself to
the ground. And the servants of Holofernes lifted her
up, by the command of their master.

12. 10. And it came to pass on the fourth day that
Holofernes made a supper for his servants, and said to
Vagao his eunuch: Go, and persuade that Hebrew wo-
man to consent of her own accord to dwell with me.

12. 1 6. And the heart of Holofernes was smitten,
for he was burning with the desire of her.

12. 20. And Holofernes was made merry on her oc-
casion, and drank exceeding much wine, so much as he
had never drunk in his life.

3 1-19. And when it was grown late, his servants
made haste to their lodgings, and Vagao shut the cham-
1 cf. pp. 29 ff.

xiv 3|ntroDuction

ber-doors, and went his wayj and they were all over-
charged with wine. And Judith was alone in the
chamber; but Holofernes lay on his bed fast asleep,
being exceedingly drunk. . . . And Judith stood before
the bed, praying with tears and the motion of her lips in
silence, saying: Strengthen me, O Lord God of Israel,
and in this hour look on the works of my hands . . . ,
that I may bring to pass that which I have purposed.
. . . She loosed his sword that hung tied upon it [the
pillar]. And when she had drawn it out, she took him
by the hair of his head, and said: Strengthen me, O
Lord God, at this hour. And she struck twice upon
his neck, and cut off his head, and took off his canopy
from the pillars, and rolled away his headless body.
And after a while she went out, and delivered the head
of Holofernes to her maid, and bade her put it into her
wallet. And they two went out, . . . and they passed
the camp, and, having compassed the valley, they came
to the gate of the city. And Judith from afar off cried
to the watchmen upon the walls: Open the gates, for
God is with us, who hath shown his power in Israel.
And it came to pass, when the men had heard her voice,
that they called the ancients of the city. And all ran to
meet her, from the least to the greatest. . . . Judith
said: Praise ye the Lord our God, who hath not for-
saken them that hope in him; . . . and he hath killed
the enemy of his people by my hand this night. Then
she brought forth the head of Holofernes out of the wal-
let, and showed it them, saying: Behold the head of
Holofernes, the general of the army of the Assyrians,
. . . where the Lord our God slew him by the hand of
a woman.

14. i, 2. And Judith said to all the people: Hear
me, my brethren. ... As soon as the sun shall rise,

31ntrotiuctton xv

let every man take his arms, and rush ye out, not as going
down beneath, but as making an assault.

14. 4, 5. And when the captains of them shall run
to the tent of Holof ernes, and shall find him without his
head, wallowing in his blood, fear shall fall upon them.
And when you shall know that they are fleeing, go aftej
them securely, for the Lord will destroy them under
your feet.

14. 7-15. 8. And immediately at break of day, . . .
every man took his arms, and they went out with a
great noise and shouting. And the watchmen, seeing
this, ran to the tent of Holofernes. And they that were
in the tent came and made a noise before the door of the
chamber to awake him, endeavoring by art to break his
rest, that Holofernes might awake, not by their calling
him, but by their noise. For no man durst knock, or
open and go into the chamber of the general of the As-
syrians. But when his captains and tribunes were come,
and all the chiefs of the army of the king of the Assyr-
ians, they said to the chamberlains: Go in and awake
him, for the mice coming out of their holes have pre-
sumed to challenge us to fight. Then Vagao, going
into his chamber, stood before the curtain and made a
clapping with his hands, for he thought that he was
sleeping with Judith. But when with hearkening he
perceived no motion of one lying, he came near to the
curtain, and, lifting it up, and seeing the body of Holo-
fernes lying upon the ground without the head, welter-
ing in his blood, he cried out with a loud voice with
weeping, and rent his garments. And he went into the
tent of Judith} and, not finding her, he ran out to the
people, and said: One Hebrew woman hath made confu-
sion in the house of king Nabuchodonosor, for behold
Holofernes lieth upon the ground, and his head is not

xvi 3|ntroDuction

upon him. Now when the chiefs of the army of the
Assyrians had heard this, they all rent their garments,
and an intolerable fear and dread fell upon them, and
their minds were troubled exceedingly. And there was
a very great cry in the midst of their camp. And when
all the army heard that Holofernes was beheaded, cour-
age and counsel fled from them, and, being seized with
trembling and fear, they thought only to save themselves
by flight} so that no one spoke to his neighbor, but,
hanging down the head, leaving all things behind, they
made haste to escape from the Hebrews, who, as they
heard were coming armed upon them, and fled by the
ways of the fields and the paths of the hills. So the
children of Israel, seeing them fleeing, followed after
them. And they went down sounding with trumpets,
and shouting after them. And because the Assyrians
were not united together, they went without order in
their flight} but the children of Israel, pursuing in one
body, defeated all that they could find. And Ozias
sent messengers through all the cities and countries of
Israel. And every country and every city sent their
chosen young men armed after them, and they pursued
them with the edge of the sword until they came to the
extremities of their confines. And the rest, that were in
Bethulia, went into the camp of the Assyrians, and took
away the spoils which the Assyrians in their flight had
left behind them; and they were loaden exceedingly.
But they that returned conquerors to Bethulia brought
with them all things that were theirs, so that there was
no numbering their cattle, and beasts, and all their mov-
ables, insomuch that from the least to the greatest all
were made rich by their spoils.

15. 13, 14. And thirty days were scarce sufficient for
the people of Israel to gather up the spoils of the Assyr-

^Introduction

XVll

ians. But all those things that were proved to be the
peculiar goods of Holofernes they gave to Judith, in
gold, and silver, and garments, and precious stones, and
all household stuff} and they were all delivered to her by
the people.

1 6. i. Then Judith sung this canticle to the Lord,
saying: . . .

ART

The modes in which the poet's art is displayed may
be considered under the four heads of Selection, Arrange-
ment, Amplification, and Invention. To these might
be added his mastery of language, and his skill in the
handling of metre.

Selection. — The characters are limited to three —
Judith, Holofernes, and Judith's attendant. Hardly
worthy to be ranked with these is the warrior who enters
Holofernes' tent and announces his violent death. He
is merely one of the group of officers, though a little
bolder than the rest, and drops out of the action immedi-
ately. There is no mention of Achior, none of Ozias,
none of Bagoas (Vagao), none of Nebuchadnezzar. The
latter seems to be merged in Holofernes, who is accord-
ingly both general and king. Judith's handmaid serves
to enhance the importance of the protagonist, as in the
original narrative, though perhaps in a greater degree.
Thus not only does she carry the bag, but it is she whom
Judith commands (11. 171-173) to exhibit the head of the
slain captain, instead of drawing it forth herself (13. 19).
Judith is continually before us : she inspires, directs, or
executes everything. The result is a foregone conclu-
sion, and everything tends irresistibly towards it. At
the very beginning of the poem we are assured that she
was defended from the peril that menaced her, though

31ntroDuctton

the fulness of the triumph is not foretold. The note of
the beginning — * a to 'Sam ^Elmihtgan ' — recurs also
at the end.

Yet we are not permitted to overlook the formidable
nature of Judith's antagonist, his wickedness and his
power. His servants, even the principal warriors and
councillors, remain at a distance until he summons them
(11. 5 1-54), and fear to awaken him, even amid circum-
stances of the greatest danger (11. 257-258). The epithets
applied to him, beginning with those descriptive of his
station, soon alternate with such as characterize his evil
disposition and purposes j the latter grow relatively more
and more numerous, until they culminate in the * heathen
hound' of 1. no, a variant of this being repeated in
1. 179, where Judith is telling the story of his discom-
fiture. But his character is not left to be inferred from
epithets alone j in 11. 181-183 n's hostility and malice are
plainly set forth. When the action opens, it is Holo-
fernes who occupies the scene, and he remains in posses-
sion of it, glorying in his authority and rejoicing over
the banquet, long enough to challenge the attention of
the reader, and make him apprehensive lest Judith may
succumb in the unequal contest. The peripetia is then
introduced with considerable art, being heightened by
the prayer of Judith while holding the weapon, by her
manipulation of the stupefied chieftain before raising her
hand to strike, and by the appreciable interval between
the two blows.

There is thus a regular gradation of personages, the
handmaid being but a shadow of Judith, and her foil,
Holofernes a redoubtable foe, and Judith the triumphant
heroine. To invest the latter with all the womanly at-
tributes most reverenced by his countrymen, the poet
endows her with virginal purity, and converts her from

31nttouuction xix

a Jewess of profound religious conviction to an orthodox
Christian and believer in the Trinity (11. 83-84).

So far as we can judge, all is frankness and fair deal-
ing on Judith's part. We hear nothing of her request-
ing permission to go beyond the lines for prayer, and
there is no hint of her practising deception or otherwise
compromising herself, in the whole course of the poem.
She is a heroine sans peur et sans reproche, unless we
account her deed in itself as the exploit of a vulgar assas-
sin. Admitting the purity of her intentions, and the
essentially righteous character of the blow she inflicted,
she remains the unsullied champion and deliverer of her
people, as stainless and single-minded as the Maid of
Orleans.

The chief actors are thrown into relief upon a back-
ground formed by the two armies respectively. More-
over, the remarks of each are addressed to a kind of
dumb chorus, in which all distinct individualities are
suppressed. Such are the retainers whom Holofernes
feasts, and the citizens who surround Judith on her return
to Bethulia.

It will be apparent from what has been said that the
characters have been selected and shaded with reference
to maintaining the dramatic unity of impression through
a whole series of events, and that it is in the person of
the heroine that this dramatic unity centres, as it is about
her that all the incidents revolve.

In the selection of these incidents, again, equal sound-
ness of judgment is displayed. The order of events in
the latter part of the Biblical narrative is, on the whole,
preserved, those of lesser dramatic importance being
eliminated. The poet's object is manifestly to depict
only the cardinal situations and occurrences, and to im-
press these upon the mind by the free play of his inven-

xx 31ntro&uction

tion in elaborating scenes and incidents, introducing
transitional passages to render the sequence obvious, and
otherwise preparing or heightening the effect.

Arrangement The topics of the poem are these:

a) Divine assistance granted to Judith (1-7*).

b) Feast (7b-34a).

r) Judith brought to Holofernes' tent (34b-57a).

d) Evil purposes and slaying of Holofernes (5 yb-i 2 1 ).

e) Return to Bethulia (122-170).

f) Account of Holofernes' death and advice to the
warriors (171—198).

g) Departure of the Hebrew army (199-216*).

K) Surprise of the Assyrians and discovery of Holo-
fernes' dead body (2i6b-29oa).

/') Flight and defeat of the Assyrians (29ob-3i2*).
j) Return of the Israelites and taking of spoil (3i2b—

335a)-

k) Recompense of Judith (335a-342a).

/) Judith's thanksgiving (342b-347a).

ni) Poet's ascription of praise (347b-35o).

In the main, as has been said, the order is that of the
Apocryphal book, but two remarkable transpositions
must be observed.

In the poem, Judith is brought in after the conclusion
of the banquet ; in the original, while the feast is still in
progress. The poet is thus left free to emphasize the
license and clamor of the feasters, since Judith is not
present, and therefore has no part in their eating and
drinking (cf. 12. 18, 19). By this means, too, a direct
motive is provided for Judith's conduct in the slaying,
Holofernes' evil desires and intentions (12. 16) being
referred to the moment of his entry into the pavilion
N- 57b~59a)> which immediately precedes his drunken
Jtupor and his death.

3|ntroUtttcion xxi

v The other transposition has the air of an invention, but
it may be, as indicated in the Sources, only a skilful em-
ployment of the hint furnished by the original in the
twofold division of the attacking forces (15. 4, 7). I
refer to the actual engagement with the Assyrian army,
or its vanguard, described so powerfully in 11. zi6b-z35.
This would be the natural sequel, to the Teutonic mind,
of the array and hostile sally of the Hebrew troops (199—
216*), though we are expressly told (14. 2, 7) that no
actual conflict then took place, but merely a hostile
demonstration. The rage and terror of the Assyrian
leaders are accentuated by means of this change j a
moment of suspense, charged with ever increasing agony
of apprehension, is introduced j and the despair which
precedes the rout and final overthrow is rendered com-
plete and overwhelming. Nearer and nearer approaches
the noise of battle (261 ff.), until the leaders can no longer
endure the responsibility and the dread, and one of their
number, breaking through the ceremonial restrictions
which surround with inviolability the person of an Ori-
ental despot, is brought face to face with the reality
which eclipses all previous disaster. Besides, the poet's
audience would demand a conflict, and not merely a pur-
suit. To gratify such a demand, the battle proper must
be introduced before the climax of consternation is
reached, and the actual panic has begun. On these
grounds the new arrangement is amply justified. Flight
and combat are aptly interwoven in the description of the
Assyrians1 panic (29ob-3i2a) : they flee (290b-292a),
they are cut down (292b— 297*), still flee (297b— 29 8a),
and are still cut down (29 8b— 312*); finally, after a list
of the spoils is given, the fulness of the patriots' triumph
is again rehearsed (3i9b~324a).

Amplification. — It is somewhat difficult to effect a

xxii ^Introduction

clear severance of invention from amplification, nor indeed
is such analytic painful ness necessary beyond certain
obvious limits.

The poet dwells with especial fondness on feasting and
war. This is a national trait, and should be considered
without prejudice to the controlling art visible in every
part of his production. Amplification rises to the dig-
nity of invention in the lines which describe the wolf, the
raven, and the eagle, haunters of the battle-field (zo5b—
2 1 a*).1 But the continuation (2i2b-235b) also abounds
in powerful strokes, which reveal a master of this species
of poetry. The spoils are enumerated with a profusion
of descriptive epithets (3i4b-3i9% 335b-342a). The
impression of a vast concourse of joyful and expectant
people is admirably communicated (i59a-i7ob). Some-
thing like a lyric element is introduced into Judith's
prayer (8ob~93a), and into her speech before the people
(177*— 1 98b), with its dramatic accompaniments (171*—
i75b). The feast is a drunken orgy (7b~34a), with the
shadow of death hanging over it (i9b-2ia). Of minor
interest, but still worthy of mention, are the escorting
of Judith to the tent (37b-46»), the description of the
canopy and its use (46b~54a), and the account of the
journey from the Assyrian camp to Bethulia (125*-
141*).

Invention Here,as elsewhere in Old English poetry,

the bard occasionally marks his satisfaction or prevision
by passages of reflective comment. Thus he anticipates
the doom of Holofernes and affirms its justice (59b— 67**),
dwells upon the Divine assistance vouchsafed to Judith,
as to every believing mortal (93b— 98a), and ends the
poem with a doxology of his own (347-350*). Akin
to these are resumptive paragraphs, like i22*-i24b or

1 But cf. p. x, iufra.

3Introtittctton

236a-24ia, which are introduced at the beginning of a
fit or canto, to effect a transition. Sometimes such
a comment is merely retrospective, and not transitional
(332a-335a)> and is intended to bind the work more
firmly together, as well as to exalt the heroine. A pre-
diction may be put into the mouth of a subordinate per-
sonage, as in 285a-289a. From a result a previous ac-
tion may be inferred, and expanded into a brief episode ;
thus Holofernes is depicted in the act of falling (6yb-69a),
and the watchmen in that of holding guard (i4ib— 146*).
Similarly, it is a consequence of the transfer of Judith
from the banquet-hall to the bed-chamber, that the war-
riors who had accompanied Holofernes (6zb) immediately
depart (69b— 73*) j this retinue may be compared with
that of Hrothgar (Beowulf 662-665% 920-924). The
preparations for the slaying of Holofernes are multiplied,
partly to increase the suspense, and partly for the purpose
of rendering the narrative more graphic and lively. Thus
Judith devises her plan while Holofernes sleeps (73b-
77a), unsheathes his sword with her right hand (79b-8oa),
and places him in such wise as is most convenient for her
(99b-ic>3a). Not only does the officer who discovers
Holofernes dead rend his garments and cry, but he falls
to the earth and tears his hair (28ob-282a). Finally, the
poet consigns Holofernes to the abode of darkness, the
hall of torturing serpents, with evident satisfaction at the
retribution which is there meted out to him (ii2b-i2ib).
Style. — As to the style, the qualities of clearness,
boldness, and vigor are strongly marked. The narrative is
rapid, yet there is a surprising amount of picturesque de-
tail and wealth of characteristic epithet, considering the
brevity of the poem. In certain other poems, parallelism
has become almost a vice, but here it is kept within due
limits, and is not allowe^ to retard the movement.

3|ntroDuction

Metre. — The chief beauty of the metre lies in the
artistic alternation of longer with shorter lines. It is cer-
tainly going too far to say, with Foster (see note on 2-12):
«In these expanded lines, then, lies the whole story,
dramatically told, and doubtless intended to be delivered
in recitative. The rest is epic in its description of de-
tails, and has much the same functions as the chorus in
a Greek tragedy' ; yet that the expanded lines are intro-
duced with art and measure is beyond question. But the
sequences of long lines are not the only forms of group-
ing which occur. Thus lines with only two alliterative
syllables occur in a series of nine (170-178) ; of six (48-
53, 231-236) j of five, four, and three in several places.
Similarly, two successive lines alliterate with the same
letter (B 17-18, 57-58, 137-138, 174-175 > F '94-
195, 220-221, 301—302 j and a number of others).
For twenty-one lines in succession the second hemistichs
are all constructed on the same model (1—21 ; compare
the first hemistichs of 182-185 and I9°-I93)-1 Not-
withstanding these tendencies toward unification, there
is no such monotony as might be expected, for side by
side with them there is an impulse toward variety, ex-
emplified in the varying length of sentence and phrase,
bringing the pause now at the middle and now at the end
of the line, and giving at once speed and sonority, am-
plitude and vigor. High as the praise is, one can hardly
refrain from acquiescing in the judgment of Sweet, who
affirms that the poem combines * the highest dramatic
and constructive power with the utmost brilliance of
language and metre.*

1 For details see my previous edition, pp. Ixx-lxxi.

I. The Feast

[tw]eode gifena

in %ys ginnan gr [un] d [e] ; heo -Sar $a gearwe funde
mundbyrd aet 'Sam maeran peodne, J>a heo ahte maeste

]?earfe
hyldo J?aes hehstan Deman, ];aet he hie wr3 J?aes hehstan

brogan

5 gefriftode, fry nrSa Waldend ; hyre ^aes Faeder on roderum
torhtmod tl^e gefremede, J?e heo ahte trumne geleafan
a to ^am ^Elmihtgan. Gefrasgen ic "Sa Holofernus
wmhatan wyrcean georne, and eallum wundrufn }?rymlic
girwan up swsesendo : to iSam het se gumena baldor
10 ealle "Sa yldestan "Segnas : hie ftaet ofstum miclum
raefndon rondwiggend [el , comon to 'Sam rican J?eodne
feran folces rasswan. paet waes )?y feorSan d5gor
J?aes iSe ludith hyne gleaw on ge^once,
ides aelfscmu, aerest gesohte.

I* Gr. No tirmetodes j K. Torhtes tirfruman no. — ib Ms. J::eode.
— a* Ms. gr::d. | — 4* Ett. haeflenes ? hae'Senan (for hehstan). — 6* Ett.
tide. — 7* Ms. aelmihtigan j so Edd., except K/.8 aelmihi^an. — 8* Ms.t
TAw., TA., L., Ett. wmhatan ; Gr., R., S-w., K., Kl.*, W. winhatan. —
Ila Ms. wiggend. — I2b Ms. dogore ; so Edd., except C.1, KL8 dogor. —
14 After this line the Ms. has X, indicating a division.

15 Hie $a to "Sam symle sittan eodon,

wlance to wmgedrince, ealle his weagesrSas,
bealde byrnwiggend [e] . pzer wieron bollan steape
boren aefter bencum gelome, swylce eac bunan and

So] rcas
etsittendum : hie ]?aet fiege J>egon
ao rofe rondwiggende, J>eah iSaes se rica ne wende,

egesful eorla dryhten. Da wearS Holofernus,

goldwine gumena, on gytesalum ;

hloh and hlydde, hlynede and dynede,

J?aet mihten fira beam feorran gehyran,
25 hu se stlSmoda styrmde and gylede,

modig and medugal manode geneahhe

bencsittende J>aet hi geb^erdon wel.

Swa se inwidda ofer ealne daeg

dryhtguman sine drencte mid wine,
30 swiiSmod sinces brytta, o^aet hie on swiman lagon,

oferdrencte his dugufte ealle, swylce hie wairon deaiSe
geslegene,

agotene goda gehwylces.

2. The Slaying of Holof ernes

Swa het se gumena [b] aldor
fyl [1] an fletsittendum, o$J?aet f Ira bearnum

1 7* Ms. byrnwiggend :. — 1 8b Ms. : rcas. — 22b Th. gyste-salum. — 32*
Ms., Edd. agotene; K. agrotene ? — ^ Ms. : aldor (b expunge d)$ Th.,
Ett., Gr., R., KI*, fT. aldor ; TA-w., S<w., K. baldor. — 33» Ms., Edd.
fylgan } K. fyllan ?.

nea [1] aehte niht seo fystre. Het $a nrSa geblonden
35 fa eadgan maegft ofstum fetigan

to his bedreste beagum gehlaeste,

hringum gehrodene. Hie hrafte fremedon,

anbyhtscealcas, swa him heora ealdor bebead,

byrnwigena brego : bearhtme stopon
40 to ftam gysterne, ]?aer hie ludithe

fundon ferfrSgleawe, and $a fromllce

lindwiggende laedan ongunnon

J>a torhtan maegft to traefe J?am hean,

)?asr se rica hyne reste on symb [el] ,
45 nihtes inne, Nergende laft

Holofernus. paer waes eallgylden

fleohnet faeger ymbe J?aes folctogan

bed ahongen, faet se bealofulla

mihte wlitan furh, wigena balder,
50 on ieghwylcne )?e "S^erinne com

haeleiSa bearna, and on hyne n^enig

monna cynnes, nym^e se modga hwaene

nl^e rofra him ]?e near hete

rinca t5 rune gegangan. Hie $a on reste gebrohton
55 [sn] ude fta snoteran idese ; eodon "Sa ste [rcedf] erh^e

34* Ms. nea:aehte. — 35* Ms., Edd. eadigan. — 4ob Ms. iudithfte. —
44b Ms. symb::. — 46" Ett. ]>a. — 47" Ms., TAtv.t Th., Leo, Gr., R., W.
and ymbe ; Ett. and faeger ; S-w., K., AT/.3 om. and. — $d> Ms., Edd. mo-
diga. — 53b TA., Ett. het j Ms., other Edd. hete. — 55* Ms. |::ude;
Thiv. snude. — 55b Ms. ste : : : : | ferh'Se ; Th<w., TA., Gr., K., Kl*, W.
stercedferhj>e ; Ett. snelferhfte because of alliteration ; Gr. swercedferhtSe ? j
R. swercendferh'Se j STO. sweorcendferhtJe.

.

haeleS heora hearran cyftan J?aet waes seo halge

meowle
>roht on his burgetelde. pa wearS se brema on

mode

blfolL burga ealdor, J>6hte $a beorhtan idese
mid w|dle and mid womme besmltan ; ne wolde ]?aet

wuWres Dema
6oge3afian, frymmes Hyrde, ac he him J>aes binges

gestyrde,

Dryhten, dugefta Waldend. Gewat iSa se deofulcunda,
galferhiS [gangan] gumena Create
bealofull his beddes neosan, )>aer he sceolde his blsed

forleosa [n]

iedre binnan anre nihte ; haefde ^Sa his ende gebidenne

65 on eorSan unswasllcne, swylcne he xr aefter worhte,

J>earlmod iSeoden gumena, }>enden he on ftysse

worulde
wunode under wolcna hrofe. Gefeol "Sa wine swa

druncen

se rica on his reste middan, swa he nyste raida nanne
on gewitlocan ; wiggend stopon
70 ut of ftam inne ofstum miclum,
wer[as] winsade, J>e 'Sone waerlogan,
la^ne leodhatan, Isddon to bedde

56b Ms. halige ; so Edd., except C.1, AT/.8 halge. — 59* Thiv. somme. —
6a» Ms. galferhlS ; Gr., K. galferhS [cyning] ; Koppel galferh^ [gangan] -,
F. galferh'S [and graedig]. — 6zb Ett. Create garberendra. — 63b Ms. for-
leosa: |. — 64** Ett. he (for fla). — 71* JWi.wer::. — 72* Gr. leod-hatan ?.

nehstan sfSe. pa waes Nergendes

J?eowen ]?rymful J?earle gemyndig
75 hu heo J?one atolan eaftost mihte

ealdre benaeman ser se unsyfra,

womfull, onw5ce. Genam $a wundenlocc

Scyppendes maegft scearpne mece,

scurum heardne, and of sceaiSe abraed
80 swlSran folme ; ongan ^a swegles Weard

be naman nemnan, Nergend ealra

woruldbuendra, and J>aet word acwaeft :

c Ic 'Se frynrSa God, and frofre Gaest,

Beam Alwaldan, biddan wylle
85 miltse jnnre me |?earfendre,

'Srynesse ftrym. pearle ys me nu fta

heorte onhsted and hige geomor,

swy^e mid sorgum gedrefed ; forgif me, swegles Ealdor,

sigor and soiSne geleafan, ];aet ic mid Jrys sweorde mote
90 geheawan ];ysne morSres bryttan ; geunne me minra
ge[sy]nta,

J?earlm6d J^eoden gumena : naht [e] ic Jnnre nasfre

miltse J?on maran );earf [e] : gewrec nu, mihtig Dryh-
ten,

torhtmod tires Brytta, J>aet me ys Jms torne on mode,

hate on hreftre minum.' Hi ^Sa se hehsta Dema
95 aedre mid elne onbryrde, swa he de$ anra gehwylcne

85b Ms. J>earffendre.— 86b AT/.3 pearle me rWSa.— 87» Ms., TA<w.t Gr.,
FT., A7.»heorte ys j TA., Ett.,R.t Sw. heorte (heorte ys nofe); AT. heorte. —
90b Ms. ge ::nta. — 9ib Ms. naht : . — 92* Ms. J?earf :.

herbuendra pe hyne him to helpe seceiS

mid raede and mid rihte geleafan. pa wearS hyre rume
on mode,

haligre hyht genlwod ; genam fta J>one haeftnan man-
nan

faeste be feaxe smum, teah hyne folmum \vi~S hyre

weard
ioo bysmerllce, and Jjone bealofullan

listum alede, laftne mannan,

swa heo $aes unlaedan ea^ost mihte,

wel gewealdan. Sloh i5a wundenlocc

J?one feondsceai5an fagum mece
105 hete]>oncolne, fast heo healfne forcearf

Jjone sweoran him, ];aet he on swiman laeg,

druncen and dolhwund. Naes ^a dead J?a gyt,

ealles orsawle : sloh ^Sa eornoste

ides ellenrof [oj\]re s^e
nofone has^Snan hund, J>aet him faet heafod wand

forS on "Sa flore ; laeg se fula leap

gesne beaeftan, gasst ellor hwearf

under neowelne naes, and "Sasr geny^erad waes,

susle gesasled sy^an aefre,
nswyrmum bewunden, wltum gebunden,

hearde gehaefted in hellebryne

98* Ms. hae'Senan ; u Edd., except C.1, AT/.8 hae-Snan. — 105* Tt-w., TA.t
Ett. hete |>oncolne. — io8b TA-w. eornost. — iO9b Ms. ::re. — lio» Ms.,
Edd. haeSenan} C.I hae«nan. — 113* Ms., TA-w., Gr., Sw.t AT., AT/.8, fT.
neowelne naes } Leo neowelnis j Ett. neowelnea ; TA.1 newelnaes j TA.2, R.
neowelnaes.

aefter hinsrSe. Ne ftearf he hopian no,
]?yst[rum] forSylmed, J?aet he iSonan mote
of "Sam wyrmsele, ac 'S^er wunian sceal
zoawa t5 aldre butan ende forS

in ftam heolstran ham hyhtwynna leas.

j. The Return to Bethulia

Haefde $a gefohten foremaerne blsed

ludith aet gu^e swa hyre God u3e,

swegles Ealdor, )?e hyre sigores onleah.
25 pa seo snotere maegft snude gebrohte

}?aes herewaeftan heafod swa blodig

on 3am fstelse )?e hyre foregenga,

blachleor ides, hyra begea nest

"Seawum ge'Sungen )?yder on Isedde,
30 and hit [?5a] swa heolfrig hyre on hond agea [f] ,

[hige^SJoncolre ham to berenne,

ludith gingr[an] slnre. Eodon 'Sa gegnum ]?anonne

j?a idesa ba ellen|?riste,

oiSfaet hie becomon collenferhSe,
35 eadhre^ge maeg^ ut of 'Sam herige,

]?aet hie sweotolllce geseon mihten

J>sere wlitegan byrig weallas bllcan,

Bethuliam. Hie 'Sa beahhrodene

1 1 8* Ms. byst::. — 121 After this line the Ms. has XI, indicating a divi-
sion.— izyb Leo, Gr., R. fore genge. — 130" Ms.:: (for Sa). — I3Ob
Ms. agea:. — 131* Ms. : : : : : oncolre. — 132* Ms. gingr::|. — 134* Mt.9
Thvu. hie hie. — 135* Ms., Edd. eadhreftige.

8 3|ufciti)

feftelaste forft onettan,
140 oft hie glaedmode gegan haefdon

to ftam wealgate. Wiggend sseton,

weras waeccende wearde heoldon

in ftam faestenne, swa ftam folce asr

geomormodum ludith behead,
145 searoftoncol maegft, J>a heo on sift gewat,

ides ellenrof. Waes fta eft cumen

leof to leodum, and fta lungre het

gleawhydig wlf gumena sumne

hyre togeanes gan of ftaere ginnan byrig,
1 50 and hi ofostllce in forlaet[a]n

J>urh ftaes wealles geat, and J>aet word acwaeft

t5 ftam sigefolce : c Ic eow secgan maeg

J^oncwyrfte J>ing, ]>ast ge ne J^yrfen leng

[mujrnan on mode: eow ys Metod bl[Ifte],
iSScyninga Wuldor; J?aet gecyfted wearft

geond woruld wide, J;aet eow ys wuldorblasd

tor [ht] lie t5weard and tlr gifefte

J?ara Iseftfta J?e ge lange drugon.'

pa wurdon bllfte burhsittende,
1 60 syftftan hi gehyrdon hu seo halge spraec

I4lb Ms. weal above line. — I42b Ms. 1 of heoldon cor r. from r. —
I44b Ms., TA-w.y Th., Rie. ludithe. — 149 Thus in R., Siv. j Ms., other
Edd. of "Saere ginnan byrig hyre togeanes gan ; Z. to geanes faran ? —
150' Gr. om. hi. — I5ob Ms. forleton ; Thw. forlaeten ; AT., W. forlaeton j
Kl.s fbrle,ta» ; other Edd. forlaetan. — 1 54' Ms. :: man. — 1 54b Ms. bl :::. —
157' Ms. tor:: lie. — 158' Gr. [on last] bara beSSa ? j R. Sara teSSa [to
bote] ? j Z. bara lae'S'Sa [to leanej. — i6o» Ms., Edd. halige ; C.I halge.

ofer heanne weall. Here waes on lustum,

wi$ J?aes faestengeates folc onette,

weras wif somod, wornum and heap [um] ,

•Sreatum and ftrymmum J?rungon and urnon
i65ongean fta J;eo[d]nes maegS Jmsendmaelum,

ealde ge geonge : aeghwylcum wearS

men on ftasre medobyrig mod areted,

sy^an hie ongeaton J>aet waes ludith cumen

eft t5 eftle, and fta ofostlice
170 hie mid eaftmedum in forleton.

pa seo gleawe het golde gefraetewod

hyre -Slnenne )?ancolmode

];aes herewae^an heafod onwri^an,

and hyt to behSe blodig aetywan
i75];am burhleodum, hu hyre aet beaduwe gespeow.

Spraec ^a seo ae'Sele [t5 ea] Hum J?a [m] folce :

c Her ge magon sweotol [e] , [si] gerofe haele'S,

leoda rasswan, on ^aes laVSestan

has^Snes hea^orinces heafod staria[n],
180 Holofernus unlyfigendes,

]>e us monna masst morSra gefremede,

sarra sorga, and J>aet swy'Sor gyt

yean wolde ; ac him ne ufte God

lengran llfes, ]>aet he mid lae^um us

i63b Ms. heap::. — 165* Ms. J>e<y$nes. — 176* Ms. :: ::llu >a (abbr.
for mlost). — 177* Ms. sweo-tol:. — 177" Ms. :: gerofe. — 179* Ms.,
Edd. hs-Senes; C.I ha:$nes. — 1 79* Ms. stariaft. — l8zb Ms., $w., K.t
K/3, W. and >aet swyftor j TAw. and syj?or j Th.y Gr., R. and swyftor j Ett.
and swi'Sor.

io

185 eglan moste : ic him ealdor crftyrong

Jmrh Codes fultum. Nu ic gumena gehwaene

J?yssa burgleoda biddan wylle,

randwiggendra, J?aet ge recene eow

fysan to gefeohte ; sy-frSan frynvSa God,
i9oarfaest Cyning, eastan sende,

leohtne leoman, beraiS linde forS,

bord for breostum and byrnhomas,

sclre helmas in scea'Sena gemong,

fyllan folctogan fagum sweordum,
195 fjege frumgaras. Fynd syndon eowre

gedemed to deaiSe and ge dom agon,

tlr aet tohtan, swa eow getacnod hafkS

mihtig Dryhten J?urh mine [h]and.J

4. The Battle

pa wearS snelra werod snude g [e] gearewod,
200 cenra t5 campe ; st5pon cyn [e] r5fe

secgas and gesrSas, basron [sige] J^ufas,

foron to gefeohte forS on gerihte,

haeleiS under helmum of iSasre halgan byrig

on iSaet daegred sylf ; dynedan scildas,
205 hlude hlummon. pass se hlanca gefeah

i88b Ett. recen. — 190* TA.t L., Ett., Gr., R., K. aerfaest j Ms.,
Tfiiv., 5w., Kl. «, W. arfest. — 194* Ett. fyllan (opt. ist pi. ) } Ett. fylla'S ?.
— I95b Ms. eowerej so Edd., except AT/.8 eowre. — I98b Ms. rand. —
I99b Ms. g: gearewod. — aoob Ms. cynrrofe. — 20 ib Ms.y TA-w., Th.t
W. >ufas; Ett.,Kl» sigej>ufas ; Gr., S-w., K. [sige]}>ufa8 j -R.* Jmfas }
W. note segnas. — 20 3b Ms. haligan j Th.i> 2 haligran ; C.1 halgan.

wulf in walde, and se wanna hrefn,

waelgifre fugel : w [i] Stan begen

J?aet him 'Sa J»eodguman J?ohton tilian

fylle on faegum ; ac him fleah on last
5 earn aetes georn, urigfeSera ;

salowigpada sang hildeleo'S,

hyrnednebba. Stopon heaftorincas,

beornas to beadowe bordum beSeahte,

hwealfum lindum, J>a $e hwile xr
; erSeodigra edwlt )?oledon,

hie^enra hosp ; him J?aet hearde wearS

aet 'Sam aescplegan eallum forgolden

Assyrium, sy^San Ebreas

under gu^fanum gegan haefdon

to 'Sam fyrdwlcum. Hie i$a fromllce

leton forS fleogan flana scuras,

[hiidejnaedran of hornbogan,

straslas st [edehea] rde ; styrmdon hlude

grame gu^freca[n], [gjaras sendon
5 in heardra gemang. Haele^ W2ero[n] [y]rre>

landbuende la'Sum cynne ;

stopon styrnmode, stercedferh^e

wrehton unsofte ealdgenl^lan

aoyb Ms., T&iv., Th., Gr.t R., K., Kl. 8, W. westan ; Ett. weston ;
Siv. wiston. — 209b Gr. eac?; R. eac. — 21 la AT/.3 note haswigpada ?. —
22Za Ms. :::: naedran 5 TA*u., TA., Gr. hilde naedran ; Ett., R., Siv., AT.,
Kl. 3, W. hildenjedran. — 223* Ms. st::::::rde. — 223b T/U strymdon j
Leo strimdon. — 224* Ms. guftfreca:. — 224* Ms. :aras. — 225b Ms.
waero: : |rre. — 228* Leo weahton j Gr. ehton ?

12

medowerige ; mundum brugdon
230 scealcas of sceaftum sclrm^led swyrd

ecgum gecoste, slogon eornoste

Assiria oretmaecgas,

nrShycgende, nanne ne sparedon

J?aes herefolces heanne ne ric[n]e
235 cwicera manna ]>e hie ofercuman mihton.
Swa 'Sa mago]>egnas on fta morgentid

ehton eliSeoda ealle j>rage,

o$]>aet ongeaton "Sa $e grame waeron,

"Saes herefolces heafodweardas,
a4o];aet him swyrdgeswing swIiSlic eowdon

weras Ebrisce. Hie wordum ]>aet

J?am yldestan ealdor]?egnum

cy-San eodon, wrehton cumbolwigan

and him forhtllce fasrspel bodedon,
245 medowerigum morgencollan,

atolne ecgplegan. pa ic aldre gefraegn

slegefaege haeleft slaepe tdbred [a] n

and wi£ )?aes bealofullan burgeteldes

weras [werig] ferhiSe hwearfum J;ringan
250 Ho [lo] fernus ; hogedon aninga

234b Mi., TA-w.y Th.t Ett., W. rice; Gr. + ricne. — 235 After
this line the Mi. Aas XII, indicating a division. — 23 8b R. gramra. —
243b Leo weahton ; Gr. wehton j Sprachschatx wrehton ; Ett. wrehton ?
wrehton? rehton ? — 247b Ms., TA-w., TA., AT., AT/.8, ff. tobredon ; £«.,
Gr., R., Siv. tobredan. — 249* Ms., Th<w., Th., AT/.8 ferhfte ; Ett.
wideferht5e ; Gr. werig- for weras ; R. hreowig- ?; Stv. [hreowig-] ; K.
[werig-] 5 W. . . . ferhfte. — 249b Ett. wornum j TAiv. bringan. — 250*
Ms. ho::|fernus.

13

hyra hlaforde h [i] Id [e] bodian,

asrSonfte him se egesa on ufan saete,

maegen Ebrea. Mynton ealle

J?aet se beorna brego and seo beorhte maegft
$am wlitegan traefe wasron aetsomne,

ludith seo aeftele and se galmoda,

egesfull and afor ; naes fteah eorla nan,

J?e iSone wiggend aweccan dorste,

gecunnian hu 'Sone cumbolwigan
^a halgan maeg^ haefde geworden,

Metodes meowlan. Maegen nealaehte,

folc Ebrea, fuhton J?earle

heardum heoruwaepnum, haefsjte guidon

hyra fyrngeflitu fagum swyrdum
;65 ealde aefSoncan ; Assyria wearS

on ^am daegweorce dom geswrSrod,

baelc forblged. Beornas stodon

ymbe hyra J?eodnes traef J>earle gebylde,

sweorcendferMSe. Hi %a somod ealle
-yoongunnon cohhet[t]an, cirman hlude,

and gristbltian Gode orfeorme,

mid tofton torn |;oligende ; J;a waes hyra tires aet ende,

25 ib Ms., TAiv.y TA., Ett.t K1.8, W. hyldo ; Leo + hilde. — i(>i*
Ms., Thia.t TA., Ett., Gr., R., K., KL*, W. hsfte ; Gr. (SfracAscAatz)
haeste?} 5w. haeste. — 265*^5., TAiv., Gr., Stv., K., AT/.*, W. ealde
aefSoncan; Ett., TA. ealle afSoncan ; R. ealde afSoncan. — 266* Ms., TA<w.,
Gr. daege weorce ; other Edd. daegeweorce. — 270* Ms. cohhetan j C.1, AT/.3
cohhettan. — 27 ib Ett., TA.2 gode j T/M -f- gode.

14

eades and ellendasda. Hogedon J?a eorlas

awecc [an] [hi] ra win [e] dryhten : him wiht ne speow.
275 pa wear [?>] [s] rS and fate sum to 'Sam arod

J>ara beadorinca, []>aet] he in J?aet burgeteld

miSheard neftde, swa hyne nyd fordraf :

funde -oa on bedde blacne lie [gan]

his goldgifan gsestes gesne,
280 lifes belidenn [e] . He J>a lungre gefeoll

freorig to foldan, ongan his feax teran,

hreoh on mode, and his hraegl somod,

and ]?aet word acwae'S to iSam wiggendum,

)?e "Ssr unrote ute wsron :
185 ' Her ys geswutelod Ore sylfra forwyrd,

toweard getacnod J^aet ]>xre tide ys
[nu] mid nliSum neah geftrungen,

J?e [we life] sculon losian somod,

aet saecce forweorSan : her IliS sweorde geheawen,
290 beheafdod healden [d] ure.' Hi iSa hreowigmode

173- Ms. ::des. — 273" Ms., Th-w., Th., Ett., Gr., AT., Kl*,fr.
hogedon J>a eorlas; R.t S-w. >>a eorlas hogedon. — 274* Ms. awecc ::|;
Ms. |::raj Ms. wina- j Edd. wine-. — 275' Ms. wear:; Ms.\:\o. — •
27 5b Ett. araed? anraed ? — 27 6b Ms. '.(for first J>aet). — 277*!,. ineode
(for neftde). — 278*" Ms. lie:::. — 279b Ett. gaesenne ; Gr. gaestes gesne
his goldgifan?. — 280' Ms. belidenn:. — 281' Ms. (Sie<v.) foldan; Ms.,
(Th., Sw.) feoldan; Tfi., Ett. feoldan ; Thiu. -f- foldan. — 285* Ms.
gswutelod. — 286b Ett. tide J>a git | is. — 287* Gr., K. [nu] mid nifium ;
R. mid nifta bearnum ; S-w. [nu] mid nltJum ; Ms., Thiu., IV. mid nifium ;
Ett. mid niiSum ; Heath ( Foster, p. JOj) mid nipe niwum ; AT/.8 reads 287
and 288 as one line, mid niftum neah gefirungen, fie we sculon nu losian. —
288* Ms. :: (after J>e), Edd. supply we ; Ms. sculon ; Ett., R. life sculon ;
Gr., K. [life] sculon. — 290* Ms. healden:.

15

wurpon hyra waepe[n] ofdune, gewitan him werig-

ferfrSe
m fleam sceacan.

6. The Pursuit

Him mon feaht on last,

maegeneacen f[olc], o$ se massta dsel

J?aes 'hedges laeg hilde gesseged
195 on $am sigewonge, sweordum geheawen,

wulfum to willan, and eac waelgifrum

fuglum t5 fr5fre. Flugon fta 'Se lyfdo [n]

laSra lind [wiggendra] . Him on laste for

sweot Ebrea sigore geweorSod,
500 do [me] gedyrsod ; him feng Dryhten God

faegre on ful[tum], Frea aelmihtig.

Hi °Sa fromlice fagum swyrdum

haele^ higerofe herpaft worhton

J?urh la^ra gemong, linde heowon,
505 scildburh scaer[on] ; sceotend wasron

gu^e gegremede, guman Ebris[ce];

]?egnas on ^a tld Dearie gelyste

gargewinnes. pser on greot gefeoll

se hyhsta dael heafodgerimes
lioAssiria ealdordugu'Se,

291* Ms. waepe:. — 293* Ms. — ecen ; Ms. f:::. — 497b Ms. lyfdotj 5
Ett. lifdon. — 298* Ms. linde:] jJ?tt., Gr. lindwig(g)endra; TA*o.,TA.t Leof
S*v., K. lind ; .R. lind* ; W.> KL 8 linde. — 300* Ms. do::. — 301* Ms.
ful : : :. — 305" Ms. sc«er : : | . — 306" Ms. Ebreis : :.

1 6 31UtHtt)

laSan cynnes : Iythw5n becom

cwicera to cy3$e. Cirdon cynerofe,

wiggend on wrSertrod, waelscel oninnan,

reocende hrsew; rum waes to nimanne
Sislondbuendum on 'Sam laSestan,

hyra ealdfeondum unlyfigendum

heolfrig herereaf, hyrsta scyne,

bord and brad swyrd, brune helmas,

dyre madmas. Haefdon domlice
320 on iSam folcstede fynd oferwunnen

eflelweardas, ealdhettende

swyrdum aswefede ; hie on swafte reston

]>a $e him to life laiSost wSron

[cwicera] cynna.

7. The Spoil

[D]a seo cneoris call,
325 mseg'S [a] [m] merest, anes mSniSes fyrst,

wlanc wundenlocc [wsejgon and Iseddon

to "Ssere beorhtan byrig Bethuliam

helmas and hupseax, hare byrnan,

gu^sceorp gumena golde gefraetewod,
33om2erra madma ]?onne mon senig

312" Ett. tirdon (=tirigdon)? — 3i3b Cos. waelstel, waelsteal(l). —
314* Ett. raewe ? ; Gr. recende (Sprachschatz reocende). — 32Ob Thiv. fyrd.
— 324* Ms. :::::::. — 324* Ms. :a. — 325* Ms. maeg:: raerost. — 326*
Ett., Gr. wlance; TAiv., Th.y L., Ett., Gr. wundenloce ; Ms., R., S-w.,
K. wundenlocc j -R. wlanc wigena heap ?. — 326" Ms. ::gon. — 328b T/4.
herebyrnan. — 330* R. madma fela ? madma worn ?.

17

asecgan maege sear [o] ]?oncelra ;

eal );aet i$a ^eodguman J>rymme geeodon,

cene under cumblum [on] compwige

Jmrh ludithe gleawe lare
335 maegb1 modigre. Hi to mede hyre

of 'Sam siiSfate sylfre brohton

eorlas aescrofe Holofernes

sweord and swatigne helm, swylce eac side [by] man

gerenode readum golde, and eal |?aet se rinca baldor
340 swrSmod sinces ahte o&Se sundoryrfes,

beaga and beorhtra ma'Sma, hi J?aet J?«re beorhtan idese

ageafon gearoj?oncolre.

8. The Praise

Ealles ^aes Judith saegde

wuldor weroda Dryhtne, ]?e hyre weorSmynde geaf,
maerSe on moldan rice, swylce eac mede on heofonum,
345 sigorlean [in swegles] wuldre ]?aes $e heo ahte soiSne

geleafan

[a] to 'Sa [m] ^Elmihtgan ; huru aet )?am ende ne
tweode

33ib Ms. sear: fancelra. — 333b Ms.t TAiv. 1; Th.y AT/.3 andj Gr.
and (preposition} ; Ett. aet ; 7?., Sw., K. on. — 336* TA<w. sylfne. — 338b
Ms. ::rnan. — 343* TA., K/.8 wuldor-weroda. — 345* sigorlean is the last
'word in fol. 206^ ,' the rest is added on the lo'wer margin, apparently in a
hand of the ijth or i8th century, and is noiu for the most part illegible (Siev.) j
wuldre next ivord legible after sigorlean (Cook). — 346* Gr. [up] j R. up ;
Sw., K. [a] ; Ms. om. a : j Ms. $a: ; Ms., Edd. aelmihtigan.

1 8

J>aes lea[nes j?e heo] l[a]nge gyrnde. paes sy 'Sam

leofan Dryhtne

wu[ldor] to wldan aldre, J?e gesceop wind and lyfte,
roderas and [rum] e grundas, swylce eac re^e stream-
as
350 and swe[gles] dreamas []?urh his sylfes miltse].

347* Ms. lea::: :: ::: l:nge. — 348* Ms. wu::::. — 348* Ett. he. —
349» Ms. :::e. — 350' Ms. swe::::. — 35ob Ms. illegible.

Ib. The suggested emendations are not convincing, but ne or
no should almost certainly be supplied. Though the numbers in
the Ms. before lines 15 (X), 122 (XI), and 236 (XII) would
seem to indicate that we here have only the end of a much longer
poem, yet the poem seems virtually complete as it now is, and the
lines which here stand first are echoed so significantly at the end that
it is difficult to believe that more than a very few lines are missing.
Note how fweode is repeated in 346b, and 6b~7a in 345b~346a.

2-12. This is the first group of long or expanded lines, which
together constitute nearly one fifth of the poem, or 66^ lines. The
others are 16-21, 30-34, 54-61, 63-68, 88-99 (excluding 96*),
132, 272-274*, 289b-29i, 298% 338-350 (excluding 350*). In
general, the long lines of Old English poetry are employed in passages
of peculiar elevation and solemnity, or in those expressive 'of un-
wonted agitation. Foster's theory {Judith, p. 39) is that in these
expanded lines ' lies the whole story, dramatically told, and doubt-
less intended to be delivered in recitative. The rest is epic in its de-
scription of details, and has much the same functions as the chorus
in a Greek tragedy.' See p. xxvi.

2b. Saf. This form, according to Sievers, is Late West Saxon
(Gr. 321, note 2).

7*. ,/Elmihtgan. The reason for eliding the second / is thus

f'ven in Gr. 144 a : ' Every middle vowel of a trisyllabic word
JElmihtigan is here treated like mlhtigan\^ when originally short,
and not rendered long by position, is syncopated after a long radical
syllable.' Besides, according to metrical principles, we should here
read jLXX \ ^XX, not ^XX | -^-^-XX-

I2a. ]>y feorSan dogor. Jud. 12. 10 : 'And in the fourth
day Holofernes made a feast.' — dogor. The regular instru-
mental form would be dogre, but such forms as this are also found
(Gr. 289). The reason for preferring it or dogre here, against
manuscript authority, is metrical. The hemistich now scans :
XXX | -^X I JLX-

22

14*. idCS aelfscinu. Both Abraham and Abimelech call
Sarah mag <?Ifscieno, Gen. 1827, 2730. Otherwise neither Old
nor Modern English seems to afford us much help in determining
just what is meant ( see NED. s. v. elf). The Old Norse is more
suggestive. Thus the Edda has its Ijosalfar, * elves of light,' whose
king is the god Frey (the god of light), and the sun is sometimes
poetically called alfrotSulI, ' elfin beam or light * (Cleasby-Vigfusson,
Iccl.-Eng. Diet.).

23 ff. This is the most graphic picture of hilarious inebriety in
the whole range of Old English poetry.

24'. fira beam. A Hebraism.

25*. stiSmdda. Such weak adjectives used as nouns are rather
frequent in the poem.

31*. duguSe. The word corresponds to German Tugend, and
is related to Mod. Eng. doughty.

32b. baldor. Both gumena aldor and gumena baldor occur,
so that it is difficult to know which the poet intended here ;
perhaps the expunction of b was done merely by the latest scribe.

33*. fyllan. This seems preferable tofy/gan, the manuscript
reading, since that could only mean, 'serves,' a sense otherwise unex-
ampled in the poetry. Here * fill ' means, of course, * fill with wine,'
* pour out. '

46. eallgylden. Jud. 10. 20, 21 assures us that Holofernes*
canopy was woven with 'purple, and gold, and emeralds, and precious
stones.'

47b. ymbe. The manuscript and before this word is evidently
superfluous.

5lb. naenig. I. e. [mihte wlltan].

55b. stercedferhSe. Thwaites so reads, and the Ms. at . . .
forbids the emendations of Ettmiiller, Grein, Rieger, and Sweet.
The word occurs again in 227.

59b. wuldres Dema. Not a very felicitous epithet. It is
formed by the substitution of Dema, as in 4, 94, for Cynlng, in
•wuldres Cyning (cf. Chr. 565, etc.), which reposes on Ps. 24. 7,
10, and is not found elsewhere ; prymmes Hyrde is equivalent.

62*. gangan. geivat gangan (gongan) is also found in Ax.
1 80, Gen. 1049 5 there is no point in introducing the word cyning;
and there is no reason for here depicting Holofernes as ' greedy. '

77b. wundenlocc. Here, and in 103, Judith is curly-haired,

23

as are the Hebrews generally in 326. Elsewhere in OE. poetry,
it is only an unnamed woman in Rid. 2611 who is so characterized.

87*. heorte. The ys of the Ms. seems to be repeated from the
preceding line.

94b~95a' Observe the peculiar syntax of the adverb, and com-
pare 97 .

96". him. Reflexive.

99b. wiS hyre weard. Cf. to us-ward, Ps. 40. 7 ; Eph.
I. 19; 2, Pet. 3. 9 (all A. V.).

H0a. hund. See i Sam. 17. 43 ; a Kings 8. 13 for similar
contemptuous uses of ' dog. '

1 1 Ib. leap. The sense is only to be ascertained from the con-
text. Usually leap = ' basket. '

112*. gesne. The word occurs as late as the seventeenth
century, and later dialectically; cf. NED. and Eng. Dial. Diet.
s. v. geason.

ny. under neowelne naes. Cf. Beo-w. 1411. The con-
ception of a Cliff of the Dead is an old one. In the London Academy
(34. 257) Professor F. York Powell says : ' Gill and others have
recorded the Polynesian belief respecting the Spirit's Rock — a pre-
cipice, generally overlooking the sea, down which the spirits of the
dead are supposed to leap after death on their way to the spirit-
world, and down which living persons have occasionally hurled them-
selves out of life. This belief obtained also among the Greeks j
and Odyssey 24. 1 1 presents a very clear allusion to Leucas, White-
Cliff, as a way to the spirit- world.' He also refers to Gautrec's
Saga, p. 7, though this is less pertinent. In a later issue (34. 355)
I compared EL 832, where, as here, the sense of 'headland,'
' cliff,' is hardly evident, and endeavored thus to show how that sense
might have passed into that of ' chasm,' ' abyss : ' * Any one who
has visited the Yosemite Valley, and stood at the base of El Capi-
tan, can perfectly understand the transfer of meaning in the case of
ntes. Imagine that the opposite walls of the valley have been rent
apart by a convulsion of nature. We have a level floor, and a sheer
ascent on each side. That which is just under this level floor is at
the same time under the precipitous headland and under the deep
chasm, and, looking from above, it does not much matter which
we call it, only that if we chanced to be speaking of gnomes disport-
ing below the surface of the valley, as in Undine, we should be

24

quite as likely, I conceive, to think of the abysmal as of the pro-
montorial aspect. And so I apprehend that we must interpret the
neolum ruesse of the Elene, at least, without much reference to the
primary conception of " headland." Neoivol may have been asso-
ciated with darkness through the idea of the under-world, Hades.'

H7b. hopian. Foster says (Judith, p. 88) : 'In the whole
Beowulf, in the Caedmonian poems as in the Cynewulfian, this word
is unknown, the conception "hope " being expressed by hycgan or
ivenan. ... In the whole range of Old English poetry, it is only
found in Judith and in the Metro y44. ' He therefore concludes
that this word ' would further justify us in placing Judith at the
end of the ninth or at the beginning of the following century,'
referring to Dietrich's article in the Zs. fur DeutscAes Alter thum 9.
216.

122*. gefohten. Notice the force of the prefix = attain by
the active of the simple verb.

I26b. swa. Thus used in 130*.

134*. The second hie of the Ms. is evidently superfluous.

136-137. Thus the seafarers in Beowulf behold from afar the
gleaming cliffs (Be<rw. 221-221).

149. Metrical law requires that, of three alliterative syllables,
two shall be in the first hemistich j hence the transposition.

I50b. forlaetan. The infinitive is required by the sense.

158*. J>ara laeSSa. The efforts of the commentators have
been directed to finding a noun on which latSSa might depend.
Zupitza's conjecture is as ingenious as any, but no one of them can
be called convincing. Meanwhile, para laSSa is metrically sound,
and perhaps, by a little forcing, we can read some such sense as
hot or lean out of tlry as implicit in it.

167*. medobyrig. A Germanic, not a Jewish city.

l8l*. rnaest. To be construed both with monna and morSra.

194*. fyllan. In the sense of the gerund, ibfyllanne.

195*. frumgaras. The word is apparently a translation of
Lat. primipilus.

2O I b. [sige])>ufas. From the Latin tufa ,• the correspondence
is noted by Bede, Eccl. Hist. 2. 1 6. Some alliterative syllable is re-
quired in the second hemistich, and sige- was suggested on the analogy
of such words as sigebeacen, sigebeam, sigebyme, sige-w&pen, etc.

204b-2O5*. For the onomatopoetic effect cf. 23 ff.

25

2IQa. guSfanum. Cf. the Modern English gonfalon.

22Oa. fyrdwicum. For the plural cf. Lat. castra.

228*. wrehton. Grain's ehton is perhaps an improvement
upon this as regards sense, but the change is rather violent.

229a. medowerige. The middle vowel i has here been re-
tained, because its omission would not improve the metre. So also
in 245. (Cf. Sievers, PBB. 10, 461.)

243b. wrehton. Not merely < wake,' but « rouse up ' ; in
Dan. 577 we have the phrase iveceS and ivreceS with 'rain'
(regna scur} as the subject, and 'Nebuchadnezzar' as the object.
There seems no sufficient ground to question the reading.

249*. werigferhSe. The Ms. has only ferhSe. In 291
iverigferhSe occurs. The alliteration in w:A<w is already estab-
lished for the line, and is paralleled by 314, r:hr:r.

25 Ib. hilde. Leo's emendation is self-evident.

263b. hae[s]te. There is no adverb hafte, and the inst. sing,
of the noun haeft is unexampled in the poetry, and would in any
case have no meaning here.

266*. daegweorce. d<ege- is not a combining form, and there
is no possibility of construing the two words if they are separated.

272*". pa'waes hyra tires aet ende. An apparent confu-
sion of two constructions: (a.} pa -was hyra fir at ende ; (b)
pa was hyra fires ende ; but cf. Doomsday 2b— 3*.
Feores bi'S act ende
anra gehwylcum.

273b. As Foster notes (Judith, p. 14), Rieger's transposition
* gives a half-line of a form seldom, if ever, found.'

274. winedryhten. ivina- is impossible $ loinedryhten is
found in Beoiuu/f, and elsewhere.

275b. to 8am. To that extent ; so.

287*. [nfl]. Some word is required for metrical reasons, as
without it the hemistich has only one foot. Kluge also adopts the
nil, but inserts it later. Rieger's mid niSa bearnum is weak. Foster
objects (Judith, p. 47) that nu is here made a chief-stressed and
alliterative word, comparing lines 92 and 186. Heath's emendation
satisfies metrical requirements, but n'tS seems not otherwise to be
used with such an adjective. With niS = ' man ' nothing can
be done. The line seems to be desperately corrupt, and our reading
is only a makeshift.

26

288*. Ettmiiller's emendation is extremely plausible. It must be
noted that losian is rather ' escape (from )' than ' lose.'

298. The emendation is supported by 42, in conjunction with
laSra, which implies the gen. plur. Lind would be metrically
unacceptable, and, if we read lindey there would be no reason for
fleeing the shields.

305*. SCildburh. The best notion of this is derived from the
accounts of Caesar's combat with Ariovistus. Thus Caesar himself
says (Bell. Gall. 1.52): ' The Germans, according to their custom,
rapidly forming a phalanx, sustained the attack of our swords. There
were found very many of our soldiers who leaped upon the phalanx,
and with their hands tore away the shields, and wounded the
enemy from above.' Florus has (3.10): ' The ardor of the Ro-
man soldiers in the battle cannot be better shown than by the cir-
cumstance that when the barbarians, having raised their shields
above their heads, protected themselves with a testudo, the Romans
leaped upon their very bucklers, and then came down upon their
throats with their swords. ' But the fullest account is that of Dio
Cassius (38. 49, 50), which is classic for this formation among the
Germans (I quote the translation kindly made for me by Dr. Charles
G. Osgood ) : ' In this manner they [the Germans] got the worst
of it ; yet they did not flee — not that they were unwilling, but rather
that they were unable, both from distraction and from faintness.
Thus, gathering together in groups of three hundred, more or less,
they thrust forward their shields on every side of them, and standing
erect, made themselves both inaccessible by their close formation,
and hardly movable by their dense crowding ; and thus they neither
wrought nor suffered any harm. Accordingly the Romans, since
the barbarians began neither to advance upon them nor to flee,
but, remaining stationary, stood like towers; and since, too, the
Romans having thrown away their spears at the first attack as be-
ing useless, they could now neither wage a hand-to-hand fight with
their swords nor come at the enemies heads, where alone they were
vulnerable, since they fight bareheaded — [under these conditions]
they tore off the shields, and, falling upon the enemy, some with a
running start, others from near by, they leaped up as best they could
and slashed them, and thus in an instant many fell at a single blow,
and many even died before they could fall ; for, by reason of their
close formation, even though aead they were held on their feet.'

312. nvalscel. Cosijn's emendation, ivalstel, for <w<ehteal(l},
is regarded by him as a synonym for ivalstoiv, * batde-field,' a word
used in Beowulf and elsewhere.

330". The gen. plur. seems to require a governing noun j but
cf. Para la&8at 158.

tl)e iDulgate

from rtje Vulgate 3|uaitti

9. 14. Da mihi in animo constantiam, ut contemnam ilium j et

virtutem, ut evertam ilium.

9^ 17. Deus caelorum, Creator aquarum, et Dominus totius crea-
turae, exaudi me miseram deprecantem, et de tua misericordia
praesumentem.

10. l6. Hoc autem scias, quoniamcum steteris in conspectu ejus,
bene tibi faciet, et eris gratissima in corde ejus. Duxeruntque
illam ad tabernaculum Holofernis, annuntiantes earn.

10- 19, 20. Videns itaque Judith Holofernem sedentem in con-
opoeo, quod erat ex purpura, et auro, et smaragdo, et lapididus
pretiosis intextum j et cum in faciem ejus intendisset, adoravit
eum, prosternens se super terram. Et elevaverunt earn servi
Holofernis, jubente domino suo.

12. IO. Et factum est, in quarto die Holofernes fecit coenam
servis suis, et dixit ad Vagao eunuchum suum : Vade,' et suade
Hebraeam illam ut sponte consentiat habitare mecum.

12. 1 6. Cor autem Holofernis concussum est ; erat enim ardens in
concupiscentia ejus.

12. 20. Et jucundus factus est Holofernes ad earn, bibitque vinum
multum nimis, quantum numquam biberat in vita sua.

13. 1—19. I. Ut autem sero factum est, festinaverunt servi illius ad
hospitia sua, et conclusit Vagao ostia cubiculi, et abiit ; erant
autem omnes fatigati a vino. Eratque Judith sola in cubiculo ;
porro Holofernes jacebat in lecto, nimia ebrietate sopitus. . . .
Stetitque Judith ante lectum, orans cum lacrymis, et labiorum
motu in silentio, dicens : Confirma me, Domine Deus Israel,
et respice in hac hora ad opera manuum mearum . . . j et
hoc, quod credens per te posse fieri cogitavi, perficiam. . . .
Pugionem ejus, qui in ea ligatus pendebat, exsolvit. Cumque
evaginasset ilium, apprehendit comam capitis ejus, et ait : Con-
firma me, Domine Deus, in hac hora. Et percussit bis in cer-
vicem ejus, et abscidit caput ejus, et abstulit conopoeum ejus a
columnis, et evolvit corpus ejus truncum. Et post pusillum

32 pisftage* from ti;r Dulgatr

exivit, et tradidit caput Holofernis ancillae suae, et jussit ut
mitteret illud in peram suam. Et exierunt duae, . . . et
transierunt castra, et, gyrantes vallem, venerunt ad portam civi-
tatis. Et dixit Judith a longe custodibus murorum : Aperite
portas, quoniam nobiscum est Deus, qui fecit virtutem in Israel.
Et factum est, cum audissent viri vocem ejus, vocaverunt
presbyteros civitatis. Et concurrerunt ad earn omnes, a mi-
nimo usque ad maximum. . . . Dixit Judith : Laudate Domi-
num Deum nostrum, qui non deseruit sperantes in se j . . .
et interfecit in manu mea hostem populi sui hac nocte. Et
proferens de pera caput Holofernis, ostendit illis, dicens : Ecce
caput Holofernis principis militiae Assyriorum, . . . ubi per
manum feminae percussit ilium Dominus Deus noster.

14. I, 2. Dixit autem Judith ad omnem populum : Audite me,
fratres. . . . Et erit, cum exierit sol, accipiat unusquisque arma
sua, et exite cum impetu, non ut descendatis deorsum, sed quasi
impetum facientes.

14. 4, 5- Cumque duces eorum cucurrerint ad tabernaculum Holo-
fernis, et invenerint eum truncum in suo sanguine volutatum,
decidet super eos timor. Cumque cognoveritis fugere eos, ite
post illos securi, quoniam Dominus conteret eos sub pedibus
vestris.

14. 7-15. 8. Mox autem, ut ortus est dies, . . . accepitque
unusquisque vir arma sua, et egressi sunt cum grandi strepitu et
ululatu. Quod videntes exploratores, ad tabernaculum Holo-
fernis cucurrerunt. Porro hi, qui in tabernaculo erant, veni-
entes, et ante ingressum cubiculi perstrepentes, excitandi gratia,
inquietudinem arte moliebantur, ut non ab excitantibus, sed a
sonantibus, Holofernes evigilaret. Nullus enim audebat cubi-
culum virtutis Assyriorum pulsando aut intrando aperire. Sed
cum venissent ejus duces ac tribuni, et universi majores exerci-
tus regis Assyriorum, dixerunt cubiculariis : Intrate, et excitate
ilium, quoniam egressi mures de cavernis suis ausi sunt provo-
care nos ad praelium. Tune ingressus Vagao cubiculum ejus,
stetit ante cortinam, et plausum fecit manibus suis ; suspicabatur
enim ilium cum Judith dormire. Sed cum nullum motum
jacentis sensu aurium caperet, accessit proximans ad cortinam,
et, elevans earn, vidensque cadaver absque capite Holofernis
in suo sanguine tabefactum jacere super terrain, exclamavit

:p**agf0 from tlje Vulgate 33

voce magna cum fletu, et scidit vestimenta sua. Et ingressus
tabernaculum Judith, non invenit earn, et exiliit foras ad popu-
lum, et dixit : Una mulier Hebraea fecit confusionem in domo
regis Nabuchodonosor ; ecce enim Holofernes jacet in terra, et
caput ejus non est in illo. Quod cum audissent principes vir-
tutis Assyriorum, sciderunt omnes vestimenta sua, et intolera-
bilis timor et tremor cecidit super eos, et turbati sunt animi
eorum valde. Et factus est clamor incomparabilis in medio cas-
trorum eorum. Cumque omnis exercitus decollatum Holo-
fernem audisset, fugit mens et consilium ab eis, et, solo
tremore et metu agitati, fugae praesidium sumunt ; ita ut nullus
loqueretur cum proximo suo, sed, inclinato capite, relictis om-
nibus, evadere festinabant Hebraeos, quos armatos super se
venire audiebant, fugientes per vias camporum et semitas collium.
Videntes itaque filii Israel fugientes, secuti sunt illos. De-
scenderuntque clangentes tubis, et ululantes post ipsos. Et
quoniam Assyrii non adunati, in fugam ibant praecipites ; filii
autem Israel uno agmine persequentes, debilitabant omnes quos
invenire potuissent. Misit itaque Ozias nuntios per omnes
civitates et regiones Israel. Omnis itaque regio omnisque urbs
electam juventutem armatam misit post eos, et persecuti sunt
eos in ore gladii quousque pervenirent ad extremitatem finium
suorum. Reliqui autem, qui erant in Bethulia, ingressi sunt
castra Assyriorum, et praedam quam fugientes Assyrii reliquerant
abstulerunt ; et onustati sunt valde. Hi vero qui victores reversi
sunt ad Bethuliam omnia quae erant illorum attulerunt secum,
ita ut non esset numerus in pecoribus, et jumentis, et universis
mobilibus eorum, ut a minimo usque ad maximum omnes di-
vites fierent de praedationibus eorum.

15. 13, 14. Per dies autem triginta, vix collecta sunt spolia
Assyriorum a populo Israel. Porro autem universa quae
Holofernis peculiaria fuisse probata sunt dederunt Judith, in
auro, et argento, et vestibus, et gemmis, et omni suppellectili j
et tradita sunt omnia illi a populo.

1 6. I. Tune cantavit canticum hoc Domino Judith, dicens : . . .

I . EDITIONS.

These are contained in : —

Edward Thwaites, Heptateuchus, Liber Job, et Evangelium Nico-
demi; Anglo-Saxonice. Historic Judith Fragmentum ; Dano-
Saxonice. Oxford, 1698.

Benjamin Thorpe, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica. London, 1834.
(2d ed., 1846.)

Heinrich Leo, Angel sac hsisc he Sprachproben, Halle, 1835.

Heinrich Leo, Altsachsische und Angelsachsische Sprachproben.
Halle, 1838.

Louis F. Klipstein, Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, Vol. 2. New York,
1849.

Ludwig Ettmiiller, Engla and Seaxna Scopas and Boceras. Qued-
linburg and Leipzig, 1850.

C. W. M. Grein, Bibliothek der Angelsachsischen Poesie, Bd. I.
Gottingen, 1857. (ad ed., by Wiilker, Bd. 2, 1888-1894.)

L. G. Nilsson, Judith. Copenhagen, 1858.

Max Rieger, Alt- und Angehachsisches Lesebuch. Giessen, 1861.

Henry Sweet, An Anglo-Saxon Reader in Prose and Verse. Ox-
ford, 1876. (2d ed., 18795 3d ed-> l881 > 4th ed-> 1884,
etc.; 7th ed., 1894.)

Karl Korner, Einleitung in das Stadium des Angelsdchsischen.
Heilbronn, 1880.

Friedrich Kluge, Angehachsisches Lesebuch. Halle, 1 88 8. (ad
ed., 1897; 3d ed., 1902.)

Albert S. Cook, Judith : an Old English Epic Fragment. Bos-
ton, 1888. (2d ed., 1889 ; Students' ed., 1893.)

Selected portions in : —
J. P. E. Greverus, Empfehlung des Studium der Angelsachsischen

Sprache. Oldenburg, 1848.

L. G. Nilsson, Ang losaxisk Lasebok. Lund, 1871.
Julius Zupitza, Altenglisches Lesebuch. Vienna, 1874. (2d ed.,

1881 j 5th ed., revised by J. Schipper, 18975 6th ed., 1902.)

38

2. TRANSLATIONS.

a) Complete :

German, in Grein's Dichtungen der Angelsachsen, Bd. I. Gottin-

gen, 1857.

Swedish, in Nilsson's edition.
German, in Korner's Einleitung (above).
English, in Morley's English Writer*, Vol. 2. London and

New York, 1888. (Reprinted in Cook and Tinker's Select

Translations from Old English Poetry. Boston, 1902.)
English, in Garnett's Elene, etc. Boston, 1889. (zd ed., 1900.)
English, in Hall's Judith, Phoenix, and other Anglo-Saxon Poems.

Boston, [1902].

b) Partial:

English, in Turner's History of the Anglo-Saxons (3d ed.), Vol. 3.

London, 1820. (ist ed., 1799-1805.)
German, in Greverus' Empfehlung (above).
Swedish, in Nilsson's Anglosaxisk Lasebok (above).
Danish, in Hammerich's De episkkristelige Oldkvad. Copenhagen,

1873-
German, in Michelsen's translation of Hammerich, under the title :

Aelteste Christliche Epik der Angelsachsen, Deutschen, und Nord-

lander. Giitersloh, 1874.
English (11. 1-121), by Emily H. Mickey, in London Journal of

Education for Feb. 1st, 1889.
English (11. I-I2I) by Oliver Elton, in An English Miscellany.

Oxford, 1901.

3. MANUSCRIPT, COLLATIONS, AND TEXTUAL
CRITICISM.

H. Wanley, Catalogus, p. 119, in Hickes' Thesaurus, Vol. a.
C. W. M. Grein, in Germania 10. 419.

Eduard Sievers, in Zeitschrift fur Deutsches Alterthum 15. 461-462.
P. J. Cosijn, in Tijdschrift -voor Nederl. Taal- en Letter kunde I. 149
(proposes vualstel, <w<xlsteal(l) for vuxlscej in 1. 313).

39

E. Koeppel, in Archi-v fur das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und
Litter atur en 90. 140 (emendation of 1. 62).

4. METRE AND RIME.

Friedrich Kluge, Zur Geschichte des Reimes im Altgermanischen, in

Paul und Braune's Beitrage 9. 444—449.

Karl Luick, Ueber den Versbau des Angelsachsischen Gedichtes
• Judith, in Beitrage n. 470-492.
Eduard Sievers, Der Angelsdchsische &A<welI<vers, in Beitrage 12.

454-482.

5. AUTHOR, DATE, GRAMMAR, AND STYLE.

G. Stephens, The Old-Northern Runic Monuments, Vol. 2.
London and Copenhagen, 1866—1868.

F. Hammerich, Aelteste Christliche Epik (see 2, above).

G. Vigfusson and F. York Powell, Corpus Poeticum Boreale, Vol. i .
Oxford, 1883.

E. Groth, Composition und Alter der Altenglischen Exodus.
Gottingen, 1883.

F. Kluge (see 4, above).
Karl Luick (see 4, above).

Albert S. Cook, Notes on a Northumbrianized Version of Judith,

in Transactions of the American Philological Association 20

(1889). 172-174.
J. G. Foster, Judith : Studies in Metre, Language, and Style.

Strassburg, 1892.
Max Neumann, Ueber das Altenglische Gedicht von Judith. Kiel,

1892.
August Miiller, Syntax des Verbums in dem Angelsachsischen

Gedichte 'Judith.' Leipzig, 1892.
F. Brincker, Germanische Alterthiimer in dem Angelsachsischen

Gedichte < Judith.' Hamburg, 1898.
M. Trautmann, Kyneivulf, der Bischof und Dichter (pp. 35, 120).

Bonn, 1898.

40

6. DESCRIPTIVE AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL.

R. P. Wiilker, Grundrin zur Geschichte der Angehachiischcn Lit-
teratur (pp. 140-143, 512-514). Leipzig, 1885.

Gustav Korting, Grundriss der Geichichte der Englnchen Littera-
tur, 3d ed. Minister, 1899.

['the order of words is strictly alphabetical, ae coming between ad and af,
but initial 5 following t. Roman numerals indicate the class of ablaut verbs ;
wi., etc., that of the weak verbs j rd., the reduplicating ; prp., the preteri-
tive present verbs ; anv., the anomalous verbs. The double dagger, J, is
used to designate words not elsewhere found in the poetry, according to Grein.
When the designations of mood and tense are omitted, ' ind. pres.' is to be
understood, unless some other designation has just preceded 5 when of mood
only, supply 'ind.' if no other has preceded, otherwise the latter. 3

A.

a, adv., ever, always, 7, [346] ;

see awa.
abregdan, HI., draw, pret. 3d

sing, abraed, 79.
ac, conj., but, 60, 119, 1835

and(?), 209.
acweSan, v., speak, pret. 3d

sing. acwaeS, 82, 151, 283.
sedre, adv., forthwith, 64, 95,

246.

sefre, adv., ever, 114.
aefter, prep. w. dat., after, 117 ;

along, 1 8.

aefter, adv., towards, 65.
aefSqnca, m., grudge, ap. aef-

iSoncan, 265.

seghwylc, pron., each, asm.

Sghwylcne, 50 j dsm. aegh-

wylcum, 1 6 6.
Jaelfscine, adj., beautiful as an

elf, nsf. aelfscmu, 14.
aslmihtig, adj., almighty, nsm.

301$ dsm. wk. aelmiht(i)gan,

_ 7> 346-

senig, pron., any, nsm. 330.

aer, adv., before, previously, 65,
143, 214.

aer, conj., ere, before, 76.

aerSonSe, conj., before, 252.

aerest, adv., first, 14.

taescplega,m., ash-play, spear-
play, ds. sescplegan, 217.

aescrof, adj., brave, npm. aesc-
rofe, 337.

44

act, prep. w. dat., in, 123, 175,

197, 217, 289 ; at, 272, 346 }
from, 3.

at, n., food, prey, gs. artes, 210.
aetsqmne, adv., together, 255.
aetywan, vti., display, inf. 174.
ae5ele, adj., noble, nsf. 176,

256.

afor, nd]., fierce, nsm. 257.
agan, prp., own, have, 2d plur.

agon, 196 } pret. 3d sing.

ante, 3, 6, 340, 345; with

negative prefix: pret. ist sing.

nahte, 91.
ageotan, n., drain, deprive,

infl. pp. agotene, 32.
agifan, v., give, place, bestow,

pret. 3d sing, ageaf, 130; 3d

plur. ageafon, 342.
ahon, rd. , hang, pp. ahongen, 48.
aldor, see ealdor, n.
al^cgan, wi., lay down, pret.

3d sing, alede, 101.
alwalda, m., ruler of all, gs. al-

waldan, 84.
5n, num., one, a single, gsm.

anes, 325 $ dsf. anre, 645 gp.

anra, 95.
anbyhtscealc, m., retainer, np.

anbyhtscealcas, 38.
and (9nd ?), conj., and.
aninga, adv.,forthewM, 250.
aretan, w i . , gladden, pp. areted,

167.

arfaest, adj. , glorious, nsm. 190.
{arod, adj., forward, bold,

nsm. 275.
as^cgan, W3., say, relate, inf.

331;
Assiria, pr. n., Assyrians, gp.

Assiria, 232, 310, Assyria,

265 ; dp. Assyrium, 218.
asw^bban, wi., put to sleep,

infl. pp. aswefede, 322.
atol, adj., terrible, asm. atolne,

246 j asm. wk. atolan, 75.
awa, adv., ever, always, 120 j

see a.
aw^ccan,wi., awake, inf. 258,

274.

B.

baelc, m., pride, ns. 267.
baldor, m., prince, king, ns. 9,

32> 49> 339-

be, prep. w. dat., by, 81, 99.
beadorinc, m., warrior, gp.

beadorinca, 276.
beadu, f., battle, war, ds. bead-

uwe, 175, beadowe, 213.
Jbeaeftan, adv., behind, 112.
beag, m., ring, bracelet, gp.

beaga, 341 } dp. beagum, 36.
beahhroden, adj. (pp.), adorned

with rings, npm. beahhrod-

ene, 138.
beald, adj., bold, npm. bealde,

bealofull, adj., baleful, wicked,
nsm. 635 nsm. wk. bealoful-
la, 48 ; gsm. wk. bealofullan,
248 j asm. bealofullan, 100.

bearhtme, adv., instantly, 39.

beam, n., child, son, as. 84 ;
np. 245 gp. bearna, 51 ; dp.
bearnum, 33.

bebeodan, n., w. dat., com-
mand, pret. 3d sing, bebead,
38, 144.

becuman, iv., arrive, pret. 3d
sing, becom, 3115 pass, pret.
3d plur. bec5mon, 134.

b$d, n., bed, gs. beddes, 63 ;
ds. bedde, 72, 278 5 as. bed,
48.

b^dr^st, f., bed, ds. bedreste,
36.

begen, num., both, npm. begen,
207 } npf. ba, 133 ; gp. be-
gea, 128.

Jbeheafdian, w2., behead, pp.
beheafdod, 290.

JbehS, f., sign, proof, ds. befrSe,
174.

beliSan, i., f., deprive of, infl.
pp. belidenne, 280.

benaeman, wi., w. instr., de-
prive of, inf. 76.

b^nc, f., bench, dp. bencum, 18.

bejicsittend, m., bench-sitter,
guest, ap. bencsittende, 27.

beorht, adj., fair, nsf. wk.

45

beorhte, 254 ; dsf. wk. beorht-
an, 327, 341 j asf. wk. beorht-
an> 5** J SP- beorhtra, 341.
beorn, m., man, hero, np. beorn-
as, 213, 2675 gp. beorna,

254-
beran, iv., bear, carry, pret.

3d plur. bsron, 201 } imp.

plur. beratS, 191 j infl. inf.

to berenne, 131 j pp. boren,

18.

besmitan, i., pollute, inf. 59.
beS^ccan, wi., cover, protect^

infl. pp. befteahte, 213.
Bethulia, pr. n.,as. Bethuliam,

138,, 3^7.

bewindan, in., bewind, en-
compass, surround, pp. be-

wunden, 115.
bidan, i., await, infl. pp. ge-

bidenne, 64.
biddan, v., request, implore,

inf. 84, 187.
bindan, HI., bind, pp. gebund-

en, 115.
|binnan, prep. w. dat., within,

64.
blac, adj., pale, asm. blacne,

278.
blachleor, adj., fair-cheeked,

fair, nsf. 128.
blaed, m., life, glory, as. 63,

122.

blican, i,, glitter, inf. 137.

46

bliSe, adj., joyous, nsm. 58 ;

npm., 159 j gracious, nsm.

154.
blodig, adj., bloody, asn. 126,

174.
blgndan, rd., mix, infect, pp.

geblonden, 34.
bodian, W2., announce, pret.

3d plur. bodedon, 244 j inf.

251.
Jbolla, m., bowl, np. bollan,

17-
bord, n., shield, dp. bordum,

213 j ap. 192, 318.
brad, adj., broad, apn. 318.
bregdan, in., draw, pret. 3d

plur. brugdon, 229.
brego,m., prince, ns. 39, 254.
breme, adj., famous, nsm. wk.

brema, 57.
breost, n., breast, dp. breostum,

192.
bringan, wi., bring, pret. 3d

plur. br5hton, 336.
broga, m., peril, gs. brogan, 4.
brun, adj., brown, apm. brune,

318.
brytta, m., divider, distributor,

ns. 30, 93 j as. bryttan, 90.
bune, f., cup, np. bunan, 18.
burg, f., city, fortress, gs. byrig,

137 ; ds. byrig, 149, 203,

327 ; gp. burga, 58.
Jburgeteld, n., pavilion, gs.

burgeteldes, 248 ; ds. biirge-

telde, 57 j as. 276.
burgleode, mpl., citizens, gp.

burgleoda, 1875 dp. burhleocl-

um, 175.
burhsittend, m., citizens, np.

burhsittende, 159.
butan, prep. w. dat., without,

120.
byldan, wi., excite, infl. pp.

gebylde, 268.
byrne, f., hauberk, corselet, ap.

byrnan, 323, 338.
Jbyrnh9m, m., hauberk, corse-
let, ap. byrnhomas, 192.
byrnwiga, m., warrior, gp.

byrnwigena, 39.
byrnwiggend, m., warrior,

np. byrnwiggende, 17.
bysmerlice, adv., shamefully,

100.

C.

camp, m., fight, ds. campe, 200.
cene, adj., valiant, npm. 3335

gp. cenra, 200.
cirman, wi., shriek, inf. 270.
cirran, wi., turn back, pret. 3d

plur. cirdon, 312.
cneoris, f., tribe, nation, ns.

3*4-
Jcohhettan, wi., lament^],

oy«;7(?), inf. (cohhetan) 270.
collenferhS, adj., inspirited,

bold, elated, npf. collen-

ferlvSe, 134.
Jcgmpwig, n., combat, ds.

compwige, 333.
cuman, iv., come, pret. 3d sing.

com, 505 3dplur. c5mon, nj

pp. cumen, 146, 168.
cumbol, n., banner, standard,

'dp. cumblum, 333.
Jcumbolwiga, m., warrior,

as. cumbolwigan, 259 5 ap.

cumbolwigan, 243.
cwic, adj., living, gp. cwicera,

235> 3I2> 3*4-
cyn, n., race, nation, people, gs.

cynnes, 52, 311 5 ds. cynne,

226 ; gp. cynna, 324.
cynerof, adj., brave, noble,

npm. cyner5fe, 200, 312.
cyning, m., king, ns. 190 ; gp.

^cyninga, 155.
cySan, wi., announce, publish,

blazon, inf. 56, 243 5 pp.

gecyfled, 155.
cy55(u), f., native land, ds.

cy^Se, 312.

D.

daeg, m., day, as. 28.
daegred, n., dawn, as. 204.
daegweorc, n., day1 s work, con-
flict, ds. daeg(e)weorce, 266.
d*l, m., part, ns. 293, 309.
dead, adj., dead, nsm. 107.

47

deaS, m., death, ds. deafle, 196;

is. deafte, 31.
dema, m., judge, ns. 59, 945

gs. deman, 4.
deman, wi., doom,condemn, pp.

gedemed, 196.
|deofolcund, *.&)., de<uilish,dia-

bolical, nsm.wk. deofolcunda,

61.

dogor, n., day, is. dogor(e), 12.
Jdolhwund, adj., wounded,

nsm. 107.
dom, m., reputation, glory, ns.

266 j as. 196 ; is. ddme,

300.

domlice, adv., gloriously, 319.
don, anv., do, pres. 3d sing.

de$, 95.
dream, sm., joy, ap. dreamas,

35°.
drefan, wi., perturb, afflict, pp.

gedrefed, 88.
dr^ncan, wi., drench, deluge,

pret. 3d sing, drencte, 29.
dreogan, u., suffer, endure,

pret. 2d plur. drugon, 158.
druncen, adj. (pp.), drunken,

nsm. 67, 107.
dryhten, sm., Lord (God), ns.

61, 92, 198, 300 j ds. dryht-

ne, 343* 347 i lord, king, ns.

21.

dryhtguma, sm., retainer, vas-
sal, ap. dryhtguman, 29.

duguS, sf., nobility, host, as.

dugufte, 31; gp. dugefta, 6 1 .
durran, prp., dare, pret. 3d

sing, dorste, 258.
dynian, wz., 'vociferate, pret.

3d sing, dynede, 23 j clash,

3d plur. dynedan, 204.
dyre, adj., precious, valuable,

apm. 319.
Jdyrsian, w2., exalt, magnify,

celebrate, pp. gedyrsod, 300.

E.
Sac, adv., tf/jo, 18, 296, 338,

344, 349-
ead, n., prosperity, success, gs.

eades, 273.
gadhreSig, adj., triumphant,

npf. eadhre'S(i)ge, 135.
eadig, adj., blessed, asf. wk.

ead(i)gan, 35.
eald, adj., old, npm. ealde, 166;

apm. ealde, 265 ; superl.

yldesta : dpm. yldestan, 242;

apm. yldestan, 10.
ealdfeond, m., ancient foe, dp.

ealdfeondum, 316.
ealdgeniSla, m., ancient enemy,

ap. ealdgenrSlan, 228.
Jealdhe^ttend, m., ancient ene-
mies, ap. ealdhettende, 321.
ealdor, m., prince, sovereign,

ns. 38, 58, 88, 124.

ealdor, n., life, age, ds. aldre,
120, 348 } as. 185 ; is. ealdre,
76.

ealdorduguS, f., nobility, lead-
ers, gs. ealdordugxrSe, 310.

ealdorSegn, m., chief vassal
or thane, dp. ealdorSegnum,
242.

eald), adj., all, nsf. call, 324;
gsn. ealles, 3425 dsn. eallum,
176; asm. ealne, 28; asf.
ealle, 31, 237 j asn. eal, 332,
339 ; npm. ealle, 16, 253,
a69 5 gP- ealra, 81 ; dp. eal-
lum, 8, 217 ; apm. ealle, 10.

ealles, adv., quite, entirely, 108.

eallgylden, adj., all-golden,
nsn. 46.

earn, m., eagle, ns. 210.

eastan, adv., from the east, 190.

ea5e, adv. easily, superl. eaiSost,
72, 102.

eaSmedu, f., reverence, dp.
eaiSmedum, 170.

Ebreas, mpl., Hebrews, np.
218 j gp. Ebrea, 253, 262,
299.

Ebrisc, adj., Hebrew, npm.
Ebrisce, 241, 306.

?cg, f., edge, dp. ecgum, 231.

Jecgplega, m., svoord-play,
battle, as. ecgplegan, 246.

edwit, n., abuse, insolence, as.
215.

, adv., back, again, 146, 169.
m., terror, peril, ns.
252.

$gesful(l), adj., dreadful, terri-
ble, nsm. egesful, 21, egesfull,

*57-

£glan, wi., plague, harass,
inf. 185.

ehtan, wi., pursue, pret. 3d
plur. ehton, 237.

^llen, n., courage, is. elne, 95.

ejlendaed, f., courageous deed,
gp.1 ellendsda, 273.

^llenrof, adj., bra<ve, of un-
daunted courage, nsf. 109,
146.

JeJlenSriste, adj., courageous,
npf. 133.

^llor, adv., elsewhither, ua.

^ISeod, f., foreign people, gp.
elfteoda, 237.

eJSeodig, adj., foreign, gp. el-
iSeodigra, 215.

^nde, m., end, as. 64 $ ds. 120,
272, 346.

eorl, m., man, hero, np. eorlas,
*73> 3375 gP- eorla, 21, 257.

eornoste, adv., sharply, vehe-
mently, 1 08, 231.

eorSe, f., earth, ds. eofSan,
65.

eowan, wi., /«<2^ known, re-
veal, pret. 3d plur. eowdon,
240.

49

eower, poss. pron. your, npm.

eow(e)re, 195.
eSel, m., native land, home, ds.

eSle, 169.
eSelweard, m., guardian of his

country, np. eftelweardas, 321.

F.

faeder, m., father, ns. 5.
faege, adj., fated, death-doomed,

npm. 19 j dpm. fiegum, 2095

apm. 195.
faeger, adj., ./«/>, beautiful,

nsn. 47.

faegre, adv., fairly, 301.
faerspel, n., sudden (fearful)

tidings, as. 244.
faeste, adv., firmly, tightly, 99.
faesten, n., fastness, ds. fses-

tenne, 143.
Jfaestengeat, n. , fortress-gate,

gs. faestengeates, 162.
|faetels, m., pouch, sack, ds.

faetelse, 127.

fag, adj., gleaming, blood-
stained^, dsm. fagum, 104 ;

dp. fagum, 194, 264, 302.
faran, vi., go, march, pret. 3d

sing.fdr, 2985 3d plur. foron,

202.
feax, n., hair, ds. feaxe, 99 5

as. 281.
feohtan, in., fight, pret. 3d

sing, feaht, 292 ; 3d plur.

fuhton, 262.
feond, m.,foe, enemy, np. fynd,

195 5 ap. fynd, 320.
feondsceaSa, m. enemy, as.

feondsceaftan, 104.
feorran, adv., from afar, 24.
feorSa, adj., fourth, ism. feorfl-

an, 12.

feran, w i . , £0, proceed, inf. 1 2.
ferhSgleaw, adj., keen-witted,

sagacious, asf. ferhftgleaw,

41.

f^tigan, YI*., fetch, inf. 35.
feSelast, m., track, course, ap.

feflelaste, 139.
findan, in., find, obtain, pret.

3d sing, funde, 2, 278} 3d

plur. fundon, 41.
firas, mpl., men, gp. fira, 24,

33-
fl5(n), f., arrow, gp. flana,

221.

fleam, rt\., flight, as. 292.
fleogan, n., fly, pret. 3d sing.

fleah, 209 ; inf. 221.
Jfleohn^t, n., fly-net, curtain,

ns. 47.
fleon, n., flee, pret. 3d plur.

flugon.
fl^tsittend, m., sitter in hall,

dp. fl^tsittendum, 19, 33.
flor, f., floor, as. flore, in.
folc, n., folk, people, nation,

ns. 162, 262, 293 ; gs.
folces, 12 } ds. folce, 143,
176.

folcste.de, m., folkstead, battle-
ground, ds. 320.

folctoga, m., leader of the peo-
ple, commander, gs. folctog-
an, 47 j ap. folctogan, 194.

folde, f., earth, ground, ds.
foldan, 281.

folm, f., hand, is. folme, 80 j
ip. folmum, 99.

fon, rd., reach forth, pret. 3d
sing, feng, 300.

for, prep. w. dat., before, 192.

forbigan, wi., abase, pp. for-
blged, 267.

Jforceorfan, in., cut through,
pret. 3d sing, forcearf, 105.

fordrifan, i., impel, pret. 3d
sing, fordraf, 277.

foreg^nga, m., attendant, ns.
127.

foremare, adj., eminent, signal,
asm. foremzrne, 122.

forgifan, v., grant, vouchsafe,
imp. sing, forgif, 88.

forgildan, HI., requite, recom-
pense, pp. forgolden, 217.

forhtlice, adv., affrightedly,
244.

forlaetan, rd., let, pret. 3d plur.
forleton, 170 j inf. forlatan
(Ms. forleton), 150.

forleosan, T., lose, inf. 63.
forS, adv., y~rfA, m, i20,

139, 202, 221.

forSylman, wi., encompass, en-
wrap, pp. forSylmed, 118.

forweorSan, HI., peris A, inf.
289.

forwyrd, f., destruction, as.
285.

fraetwan, w2., adorn, bedeck,
pp. gefraetewod, 171, 329.

frea, m., lord, ns. 301.

fr^mian, wi., perform, accom-
plish, pret. 3 d plur. fremedon,
37-

freorig, adj., chill, shivering,
nsm. 281.

frofor, f., comfort, joy, gs. frofre,
83 ; ds. frofre, 297.

fr9mllce, adv., promptly,
bravely, 41, 220, 302.

frumgar, m.,primipile,captain,
chief, ap. frumgaras, 195.

frymS(u), f., (plur.) creation,
gp. frymtSa, 5, 83, 189.

fugel, m., bird, ns. 207 j dp.
fuglum, 297.

ful, adj., foul, loathsome, nsm.
wk. fula, in.

full, adj.,y«//, apm. fulle, 19.

fultum, m., help, aid, as. 186,
301.

fyllan, wi.,/// up, serve with
wine, inf. (Mr. fylgan), 33.

fyllan, \vi.,fell, slay, inf. 194.
fyllo, f., ///, feast, gs. fylle,

209.
fyrdwic, n., (plur.) camp, dp.

fyrdwicum, 220.
fyrngeflit, n., ancient quarrel,

ap. fyrngeflitu, 264.
fyrst, m., period, space, as.

3*5-

fysan, wi. reflex., hasten, opt.
pres. 2d plur. 189.

G.

gaest, m., spirit, life, ns. 83,
112; gs. gsstes, 279.

JgalferhS, adj., lascivious,
wanton, nsm. 62.

Jgalmod, adj., lascivious, wan-
ton, nsm. wk. galmoda, 256.

gan, anv., go, pret. 3^ plur.
eodon, 15, 55, 132, 243 j
inf. 149.

gangan, rd., go, inf. [62].

gar, m., spear, javelin, ap.
garas, 224.

gargewinn, n., battle, gs. gar-
gewinnes, 308. •

ge, conj., and, 166.

^gearoS9ncol, adj., ready-
witted, dsf. gearoftoncolre,
342.

gearwe, adv., truly, completely,

gearwian, wz., prepare, pp.
gegearewod, 199.

geat, n., gate, as. 151.

gebieran, wi., 'vociferate, shout
aloud, opt. pret. 3d plur. ge-
bsrdon, 27.

gebringan, wi., bring, con-
duct, carry, pret. 3d sing, ge-
brohte, 125 ; 3d plur. gebroht-
on, 54J PP- gebroht, 57.

gecost, adj., tried, trusty, npn.
gecoste, 231.

gecunnian, W2., investigate,
inquire, inf. 259.

gefeallan, rd., fall, pret. 3d
sing, gefeol, 67, gefeoll, 280,
308.

gefeoht, n., battle, ds. gefeohte,
189, 202.

gefeohtan (see feohtan), in.,
twin, pp. gefohten, 122.

gefeon, v. w. gen., rejoice, pret.
3d sing, gefeah, 205.

gefr^mian, wi., effect, perpe-
trate, pret. 3d sing, gefrem-
ede, 6, 181.

gefrignan, in., hear, learn,
pret. ist sing, gefraegn, 246 j
gefraegen, 7.

gefriSian, w2., shield, defend,
opt. pret. 3d sing, gefriftode,

5-

gegangan (gegan), anv., go,
'win, pret. 3d plur. geeodon,

332; inf. 54; pp. gegan,

140, 219.

g^gnum, adv., straight, direct-
ly, 132.
geheawan, rd., cut down, slay,

inf. 90 } pp. geheawen, 289,

295.
geh^wa, pron., each one, as. ge-

hwaene, 186.
gehwylc, pron., each, all, gsn.

gehwylces, 32 j asm. gehwylc-

ne, 95.
gehyran, wi., hear, pret. 3d

plur. gehyrdon, 160 ; inf. 24.
geleafa, m., belief, faith, ds.

geleafan, 97$ as. geleafan, 6,

89, 345.

gelome, adv., repeatedly, 18.
gelystan, wi., impers. w. ace.

of pers. and gen. of thing,

desire, pret. 3d sing, gelyste,

307.
gemang, m., troop, phalanx,

as. 225, gem9ng, 193, 304.
gemyndig, adj., mindful, nsf.

74-

geneahhe, adv., urgently, fre-
quently, 26.

geniman, iv., take, lay hold
of, pret. 3d sing, genam, 77,
98.

geomor, adj., downcast, de-
spondent, nsm. 87.

geomor mod, adj., depressed in

spirit, sad, dsn. geomorm5d-

um, 144.

geond, prep. w. ace., through-
out, 156.
geong, adj., young, npm.

geonge, 166 ; comp. gingra :

dsf. gingran (handmaid), 132.
georn,. adj., eager, nsm. 210.
georne, adv., eagerly, 8.
gerenian, W2., adorn, infl. pp.

gerenode, 339.
geriht, n., direct way, ds. ge-

rihte, 202.
gescyppan, vi., create, pret.

3d sing, gesceop, 348.
gesecan, wi., visit, pret. 3d

sing, gesohte, 14.
geseon, v., see, inf. 136.
gesiS, m., companion, np. ge-

srSas, 201.
geslean, vi., smite, infl. pp.

geslegene, 31.
gesne, adj., dead, nsm., 1125

deprived, asm. 279.
gespowan, rd. impers. w. dat.,

succeed, pret. 3d sing, ge-

speow, 175.
gestyran, wi. w. dat. of pers.

and gen. of thing, prevent,

pret. 3d sing, gestyrde, 60.
gesynto, f., salvation, gp. ge-

synta, 90.
geSafian, w2., allovj, supply,

inf. 60.

53

ge59nc, m., thought, mind, ds.

geftonce, 13.
geSungen, adj. (pp. of «eon),

accomplished, proficient, 129.
geunnan, prp. w. dat. of pers.

and gen. of thing, grant, imp.

sing, geunne, 90.
gewealdan, rd. w. gen. , wield,

manage, inf. 103.
gewitan, i., depart, pret. 3d

sing, gewat, 61, 145 j 3d

plur. (w. refl. dat.) gewitan,

291.
gewitloca, m., mind, ds. ge-

witlocan, 69.
gewrecan, v., avenge, imp.

sing, gewrec, 92.
gifan, v., give, pret. 3d sing.

.geaf, 343.
gifeSe, adj., granted, nsm.

157.

gifu, f., gift, benefit, gp. gifena,

i.
gildan, iv., requite, pret. 3d

plur. guidon, 263.
ginn, adj., spacious, ample, dsf.

wk. ginnan, 149 } ism. wk.

ginnan, 2.

girwan, wi., provide, inf. 9.
glsedmod, adj., glad of heart,

npf. glaedmode, 140.
gleaw, adj., prudent, wise, nsf.

13 ; nsf. wk. gleawe, 171;

asf. gleawe, 334.

54

gleawhydig, adj., sagacious,

prudent, nsn. 148.
God, m., God, ns. 83, 123, 183,

189, 300; gs. Godes, 186 ;

is. Gode, 271.
god, n., good, gp. goda, 32.
gold, n., gold, is. golde, 171,

3*9, 339-

goldgifa, m., gold-giver, bene-
factor (king), as. goldgifan,

279.
goldwine, m., gold-friend

(king), ns. 22.
gram, adj.,/mv, raging, npm.

grame, 224, 238.
gr^mian, wi., enrage, infl. pp.

gegremede, 306.
greot, n., dust, as. 308.
gristbitian, W2., gnash the

teeth, inf. 271.
grund, m., earth, is. grunde,

2 } region, ap. grundas, 349.
guma, m., man, hero, np. gum-

an, 306 j gp. gumena, 9, 22,

32, 62, 66, 91, 148, 186,

3*9-

guS, m., nvar, ds. gufte, 123;
is. gufte, 306.

JguSfana, m., gonfalon, stand-
ard, dp. gvrSfanum, 219.

guSfreca, m., warrior, np.
guftfrecan, 224.

JguSsceorp, n., war-trappings,
as. 329.

tgylian, wi., yell, ind. pret.

3d sing, gylede, 25.
gyrnan, wi., yearn for, pret.

3d sing, gyrnde, 347.
Jgystern, n., guest-hall, ds.

gysterne, 40.
gyt, ^,yet, 107, 182.
Jgytessel, m.,joy at ivine-pour-

ing, dp. gytesalum, 22.

H.

habban, W3. (always followed

by past part.), have, 3d sing.

hafa-S, 197 ; pret. 3d sing.

haefde, 64, 122, 260 ; 3d

plur. haefdon, 140, 219, 319.
haeftan, wi., bind, imprison,

pp. gehasfted, 1 1 6.
haeleS, m., man, hero, np. 56,

177, 203, 225, 303; gp.

haeleSa, 515 ap. 247.
haeste, adv. (Ms. haefte), fierce-
ly, stoutly, 263.
haeoen, adj., heathen, gsm.

ha-S(e)nes, 1795 asm. wk.

hS'S(e)nan, 98, no j gp. hs5-

enra, 216.
halig, adj. , holy, nsf. wk. hal(i)ge,

56, 1 60; dsf. haligre, 98; dsf.

wk. hal(i)gan, 203 jasf. halgan,

260.
ham, m., home, dwelling, ds.

ham, adv., home, 131.

hand, f., ^zw^, as. 198, hond,

130.
har, adj., hoary, gray, apf.

hare, 328.
hatan, rd., command, pret. 3d

sing, het, 9, 32, 34, 147,

1715 opt. pret. 3d sing, hete,

53-

hate, adv., hotly, 94.

he, pers. pron., he, ns. 4, 60, 63,
65,66,68, 95, 106, 117, 118,
184, 276, 280 j nsf. heo, 2, 6,
75, 102, 105, 145, 345, 347;
gs, his(asposs. pron.), 16, 31,
36> 63 (2)> 64> 68, 279, 281,
282, 350 j gs. hyre (as poss.
pron.), 127, i72;ds. him, 53,
60, 96, 106, no, 183, 1855
ds. hyre, 5, 97, 99, 123, 124,
130, 149, 175, 335, 343 ;as.
hyne, 13, 44, 96, 99, 277 ;
as. hie, 4, 1705 hi, 94, 150; as.
hit, 130; hyt, i74j np. hie,

10, IS, '9, 30, 31, 37, 40,
54, 134, 136, 138, 140, 168,
*35> *4i» 322> hi, 27, 160,
269, 290, 302, 335, 3415 gp.
heora (as poss. pron.), 38, 56 ;
hyra, 128 (as poss. pron.) 251,
264, 268, 272,291, 316, hira,
274; dp. him, 38, 208, 209,
216, 240, 244,252, 274, 291,
292, 298, 300, 323.

heafod, n., head, ns. noj as.

126, 173, 179.
Jheafodgerim, n., number by

heads, gs. heafodgerimes, 309.
heafodweard, m., chief guar-
dian, np. heafodweardas, 239.
heah, adj., high, dsn. wk. hean,

43; asm. heanne, 161; superl.

hehsta, nsm., 94, hyhsta, 3095

gsm. hehstan, 4 (2).
healdan, rd., hold, keep, pret.

3d plur. heoldon, 142.
healdend, m., keeper, leader,

ns. 290.
healf, adj., half, asm. healfne,

105.
hean, adj., lowly, servile, oflo<w

degree, asm. heanne, 234.
heap, m., crowd, swarm, dp.

heapum, 163.
heard, adj., hard, brave, asm.

heardne, 795 sharp, dp. heard-

um, 263; gp. heardra, 225.
hearde, adv., painfully, griev-
ously, 1 1 6, 216.
hearra,m., lord, ds. hearran,56.
heaSorinc, m. warrior, gs.

heaflorinces, 1795 np. heafto-

rincas, 212.
heawan, rd. hew, cleave, pret.

3d plur. heo won, 304.
Jh^llebryne, m., hell-fire, ds.

116.
helm, m., helmet, as. 338j ap.

54

helmas, 193, 318, 328; dp.

helmum, 203.

help, f., help, ds. helpe, 96.
heofon, m., heaven, dp. heofon-

um, 344.
Jheolfrig, adj., gory, asn. 130,

3'7-
Jheolstor, adj. , dusky, darksome,

dsm. wk. heolstran, 121.
heorte, f., heart, ns. 87.
JheoruwiiJepen, n., sword, dp.

heoruwzpnum, 263.
h5r, adv., here, 177, 285, 289.
herbuend, m., here -dweller,

dweller on earth, gp. herbu-

endra, 96.
h^re, m., army, host, ns. 161 ; gs.

heriges, 294 ; ds. herige, 135.
Jh^refolc, n.,army, gs. herefolc-

es, 234, 239.
he/paS, m., war-path, passage

for the army, road, as. 303.
h^rergaf, n., plunder, spoil, as.

31?-

Jh^rewaeSa, m., warrior, gs.
, 126, 173.
, adj., hostile, as.

hete$oncolne, 105.
hige, m., soul, ns. 87.
higer5f, adj., valiant, npm.

higerofe, 303.
higeSqncol, adj., thoughtful,

wise, dsf. higeftoncolre, 131.
hild, f-, conflict, battle, as. hilde

(Ms. hyldo), 251; is. hilde,
294.
jhildeleoS, n., battle-song, as.

21 I.

hildenaedre, f., battle-adder, ar-
row, ap. hildensdran, 222.
hinsiS, m., departure, death, ds.

hinsfSe, 117.
hlaestan, wi., lade, infl. pp. ge-

hlaeste, 36.
hlaford, m., lord, ds. hlaforde,

251.
hlanc, adj., lank, nsm. wk.

hlanca, 205.
hlihhan, vi., laugh, pret. 3d

sing, hloh, 23.
hlimman, in., resound, pret.

3d plur. hlummon, 205.
hlude, adv., loudly, 205, 223,

^70.
hlydan, wi., roar, pret. 3d

sing, hlydde, 23.
hlynian, wi., clamor, pret.

3d sing, hlynede, 23.
hogian, W2., ha<ve in mind,

plan, pret. 3d plur. hogedon,

250, 273.
Holofernus, pr. n., ns. 21, 46;

gs. 1 80, 250 ; Holofernes,

337} as. 7.
h9nd, see hand,
hopian, w2., hope, inf. 117.
hornboga, m., bow of horn, dp.

hornbogan, 222.

hosp, m., reproach, abuse, as.

216.

hraegl, n., raiment, as. 282.
hraew, n., corpse, ap. 314.
hra5e, adv., speedily, 37.
hrefn, m., raven, ns. 206.
hreoh, adj., furious, raging,

nsm. 282.
hreoSan, n., adorn, infl. pp. ge-

hrodene, 37.
hreowigmSd, adj., sad of soul,

npm. hreowigmode, 290.
hreSer, m. (?), breast, ds. hreftre,

94.
bring, m., ring, dp. hringum,

37-

hr5f, n., roof, ds. hrofe, 67.
hu, adv.,^ow,25, 75, 160, 175,

259.

hund, m., dog, hound, as. no.
hupseax, n., dagger, short

sword, ap. 328.
huru, adv., at all, in the least,

34-6.
hwa, pron., some one, asm.

hwasne, 52.
Jhwealf, adj., vaulted, hollow,

dpf. hwealfum, 214.
hwearf, m., crowd, dp. hwearf-

um, 249.
hweorfan,' in., depart, flee,

pret. 3d sing, hwearf, 112.
hwil, f., while, time, as. hwile,

214.

57

hyht, f., hope, confidence, ns.

97-
thyhtwyn(n), f., joy of hope,

gp. hyhtwynna, 121.
hyldo, f., grace, favor, gs.

hyldo, 4.
hyrde, m., shepherd, guardian,

ns. 60.

hyrnedn^b(b), adj., horny-
beaked, nsm. wk. hyrned-

nebba, 212.
hyrst, f., ornament, ap. hyrsta,

317.

I.

ic, pron., I, ns. 7, 83, 89, 91,
152, 185, 1 8 6, 246,- ds. me,
85, 86, 88, 90, 93 ; np. we,
[288] ; gp. ure, 285, 2905
dp. us, 1 8 1, 184.

ides, f., woman, ns. 14, 109,
128, 146; ds. idese, 341; as.
idese, 55, 585 np. idesa, 133.

in, prep. w. dat. or instr., in, 2,
116, 121,143,206,255,3455
w. ace., into, 193, 276.

in, adv., in, 150, 170.

inn, n., chamber, ds. inne, 70.

inne, adv., in, 45.

inwid, adj. wicked, malign, nsm.
wk. inwidda, 28.

irnan, in., run, pret. 3d plur.
urnon, 164.

ludith, pr. n., n. 13, 123, 132,

168, 256,342, ludith(e), 144;
g. ludithe, 334; a. ludithe
(Mr. ludithSe), 40.

L.

laedan, wi., /£<z*/, bring, pret.

3d sing. Ijedde, 1295 3d plur.

laeddon, 72, 326; inf. 42.
laetan, rd., let, pret. 3d plur.

leton, 221.
laeSSu, f., affliction, gp. Iz'Sfta,

158; dp. Izftftum, 184.
landbuend, m., land-dweller,

native, np. landbuende, 226 j

dp. londbuendum, 315.
lang, adj., long, comp. lengra :

gsn. lengran, 184.
lange, adv., long, 158, 3475

comp. leng, 153.
lar, f., counsel, guidance, as.

lare, 334.
last, m., track, footprint, as.

209, 292 j ds. laste, 298.
late, adv., late, 275.
laS, adj., hostile, hateful, nsm.

45; dsn. la"5um, 226; asm.

laftne, 72, 101; gsn. wk. la$-

an, 311; gp. la«ra, 298, 304;

superl. (in predicate) latest,

323; gsm. HLSestan, 178; dpm.

laftestan, 315.
lean, n., reward, gs. leanes,

347-

fleap, m., trunk, ns. in.

leas, adj. w. gen., without, de-
prived of, nsm. 121.

leode, mpl., people, gp. leoda,
178; dp. leodum, 147.

leodhata, m., people-hater, ty-
rant, as. leodhatan, 72.

leof, adj., dear, beloved, nsf.
147; dsm. wk. leofan, 347.

leoht, adj., bright, radiant, asm.
leohtne, 191.

leoma, m., light, as. leoman,
191.

libban, W3-, live, pret. 3d plur.
lyfdon, 297.

licgan, v., lie, 3d sing. 11^, 289;
pret. 3d sing, laeg, 106, in,
294; 3d plur. lagon, 30 ; inf.
278.

lif, n., life, gs. lifes, 184, 280 j
ds. life, [288]. 332.

lind, f., linden-shield, shield,
dp. lindum, 214; ap. linde,
191, 304.

lindwiggend, m., warrior, np.
lindwiggende, 42 ; gp. lind-

m [wiggendra], 298.

list, m., skill, dp. listum (adv.),
101.

l9nd-, see land-.

losian, w2., lose, be lost, inf.
288.

lungre, *&v., forthwith, instant-
ly, 147, 280.

lust, m.,joy, dp. lustum, 161.
lyft, f., air, ap. lyfte, 348.
lythwon, n. w. gen., few, 311.

M.

maegen, n., force, armed force,

ns. 253, 261.
maegeneacen,adj., abundant in

might, powerful, nsn. 293.
msegS, f., maid, maiden, ns.

78, 125, 145, 2545 gs. 335;as.

35» 43» l65> *6° 5 nP- J35-
maegS, f., tribe, nation, gp.

mJeg'Sa, 325.
mzere, adj., renowned, splendid,

dsm. wk. mJeran, 3 ; com p.

gp. mzerra, 330; superl. msr-

ost, nsf. 325.
maerSu, f., glory, as. maerSe,

344-

masst, see micel.

magan, prp., can, ist sing,
masg, 152; 2d plur. magon,
177 j pret. 3d sing, mihte,
102 ; 3d plur. mihton, 235 ;
opt. pres. 3d sing, masge, 3315
pret. 3d sing, mihte, 49, 75 j
3d plur. mihten, 24, 136.

magoSegn, m. clansman, hench-
man, np. magoftegnas, 236.

man, m., man, one, ns. mon,
292, 330 j ds. men, 167 j gp.
monna, 52, 181, manna, 235.

59

manian, W2., admonish, exhort,
pret. 3d sing, manode, 26.

manna, m., man, as. mannan,
98, 101.

maSm (madm), m., treasure,
jewel, gp. mJISma, 341, mad-
ma> 33°; ap. madmas, 319.

mece, m., sword, ds. mece, 1045
as. 78.

med, f. , meed, reward, ds. mede,
335 j as.^mede, 344.

Jmedowerig, adj. , mead-weary,
drunken with mead, apm.
medowerige, 229 j dp. med-
owerigum, 245.

medoburg, f., mead-city, festi<ve
city, ds. medobyrig, 167.

medugal, adj., wanton with
mead, nsf. 26.

meowle, f., -virgin, woman, ns.
565 as. meowlan, 261.

met od, m. , creator, ordainer, ns.
154; gs. metodes, 261.

micel, adj., much, great, ip.
miclum, 10, 705 comp. mara:
asf. maran, 92 } superl. maest :
aj. nsm. wk. mzesta, 293 j
asf. maeste, 3 ; sn. as. msst,
181 } adv. m§est, 181.

mid, prep. w. dat. orinst., with,

*9> 59 (2)> 88> 89> 9S> 97
(2), 170, 184, 272, 287.
mihtig, adj., mighty, nsm. 92,
198.

6o

milts, f., grace, favor, gs.

miltse, 85, 92 j as. miltse,

350.
min, pron., my, dsm. mlnum, 94;

asf. mine, 198 5 gp. minra,

90.
m5d, m., mood, heart, soul, ns.

167 j ds. mode, 57, 93, 97,

154, 282.
mddig, adj., excited, courageous,

proud, nsm. 26 j nsm. wk.

mod(i)ga, 52 j gsf. modigre,

335-
molde, f., earth, gs. moldan,

344-
monaS, m., month, gs. monies,

3*5-

m9n, see man.

Jmorgencolla, m., morning ter-
ror; as. morgencollan, 245.

morgentid, f., morning, as.
236.

morSor, n., iniquity, torment,
gs. morSres, 90 j gp. morSra,
181.

mot an, prp., may, pret. 3d sing,
moste, 185 j opt. pres. ist
sing, mote, 89 j 3d sing, mote,
1 1 8.

mund, f. hand, ip. mundum,
229.

mundbyrd, f., protection, as.

3-

murnan, in., mourn, inf. 154.

myntan, wi., suppose, pret. 3d
plur. mynton, 253.

N.

naefre, adv., never, 91.
naenig, pron. as subst., no one,

nsm. 51.
naes, m., steep, precipice, chasm,

as. 113.

nama, m., name, ds. naman, 81.
nan, pron. as subst., no, no one,

nsm. 257 j asm. nanne, 68,

233.
ne, adv., not, 20, 59, 117, 153,

183, 233, 274, 346.
ne, conj., nor, 234.
neah, adv., near, 287 j comp.

near, 5 3 j superl. nehsta, which

see.
nealaecan, wi., approach, pret.

3d sing, nealsehte, 34, 261.
nehsta, adj., last, dsm. nehstan,

73-
n^mnan, wi., name, call, inf.

81.

neosan, wi., visit, inf. 63.
neowol, adj. , profound, abysmal,

asm. neowelne, 1:3.
n^rgend, m., savior, ns. 815 gs.

nergendes, 73 j ds. nergende,

45-

nest, n., provisions, food, as.
128.

61

neSan, wi., venture, pret. 3d

sing. neftde, 277.
niht, f., night, ns. 34 ; ds.
nihte, 64 5 gs. (as adv. ) nihtes,

45-

niman, iv., capture, infl. inf.
t5 nimanne, 314.

niS, m., 'war, is. mfte, 53 5 in-
iquity, gp. nrSa, 34 ; tribula-
tion, dp. nPSum, 287.

mSheard, adj., daring, undaunt-
ed, nsm. 277.

niShycgend, m., evil-schemer,
ap. nlfthycgende, 233.

niwian, W2., renew, reanimate,
pp. gemwod, 98.

no, adv., not at all, 117.

nu, adv., now, 92, 186, [287].

nu Sa, adv., wow, 86.

nyd, f., »m/, ns. 277.

nymSe, conj., unless, 52.

nyste, see witan.

nySerian, W2., humble, put
to shame, pp. genyfterad,
113.

O.

of, prep. w. dat., of, 70, 135 ;

from, 79, 119, 149, 203,

222, 230, 356.
ofdune, adv., down, 291.
ofer, prep. w. ace., over, 28,

161.

ofercuman, iv., overcome, inf.

*35-
Joferdr^ncan, wi., intoxicate,

inebriate, pret. 3<1 sing, ofer-

drencte, 31.
oferwinnan, in., conquer, pp.

ofermmnen, 320.
ofost, f., ^«j/^, ip. ofstum, 10,

35» 7°.

ofostlice, adv., quickly, forth-
with, 150, 169.

on, prep. w. dat., in, 5, 13, 22,
30, 57, 66, 69, 93, 94, 97,
106, 127, 154, 161, 167, 202,
278, 322, 333 (Mr. and),
344 j on, 65, 282, 295, 298,
320 } into, 57 j upon, of, 209;
from, 315 j w. ace., o», 50,
51, in, 145, 178,209, 292,
301, 307, (to?) 308, 313 -,for,

445 ^ 54, (=«J) 301 > ^»>

130, (/^.?) 266, 292 j at,

204, 236, 307.
on, adv., in, 129.
onbryrdan, wi., inspire, pret.

3d sing, onbryrde, 95.
onettan, wi., hasten, hurry,

pret. 3d sing, onette, 1625 30!

plur. onettan, 139.
ongean, prep. w. ace., toward,

165.
onginnan, in., begin, pret. 3d

sing, ongan, 80, 281 } 3d

plur. ongunnon, 42, 270.

62

ongitan, v., perceive, learn,

pret. 3d plur. ongeaton, 168,

238.
onhaetan, vti.,fire, enkindle, pp.

onhsted, 87.
oninnan, prep. w. ace., into,

among, 313.
onleon, i., w. dat. of pers. and

gen. of thing, vouchsafe,

grant, pret. 3d sing, onleah,

124.
onmiddan, prep. w. dat., amid,

upon, on ... middan, 68.
onwaecnan, vi., awake, opt.

pret. 3d sing, onwoce, 77.
JonwriSan, i., uncover, disclose,

inf. 173.
ore, m., pitcher, flagon, np. orc-

as, 1 8.
oretmaecg, m., warrior, ap.

oretmaecgas, 232.
orfeorme, adj., w. inst., de-
prived of, npm. 271.
orsawle, adj., lifeless, nsm.

tol.

oS, conj., until, 140, 293.
oSer, adj., other, asf. oiSre, 109.
o65aet, conj., until, o$)>aet, 30,

33, 134, 238.
oS5e, conj., or, 259, 340.
oSSringan, in., w. dat. of pers.

and ace. of thing, wrest away,

deprive, pret. ist sing. o$-

kong, 185.

R.

reed, m., sense, gp. rasda, 68}

good counsel, ds. rsde, 97.
raefnan, wi., perform, pret.

3d plur. raefndon, n.
raswa, m., chief, leader, np.

rseswan, 12, 178.
randwiggend, m., warrior,

gp. randwiggendra, 1 8 8 j np.

rondwiggende, n, 20.
read, adj., red, dsn. readum,

339-

recene, adv., immediately, 188.
reocan, n., reek, infl. pres. part.

reocende, 314.
r^st, f., couch, bed, ds. reste,

68 ; as. reste, 54.
r^stan, wi., rest, pret. 3d sing.

reste, 44 ; 3d plur. reston,

322.
reSe, adj., raging, rude, savage,

apm. 349.
rice, adj., powerful, nsm. wk.

rlca, 20, 44, 68 j dsm.

wk. rican, 1 1 ; asm. noble,

234.

rice, n., kingdom, ds. 344.
riht, adj., right, true, dsm.

rihte, 97.
rinc, m., warrior, man, gp.

rinca, 54, 339.
rodor, m., heaven, dp. roder-

um, 5 j ap. roderas, 349.

rof, adj., vigorous, valiant,
npm. rofe, 205 gp. rofra,
53-

f9ndwiggend, seerandwiggend.

rum, adj., spacious, apm. rume,

_349-
rum, n., room, opportunity, ns.

3J4-

rume, adv., spaciously, 97.
run, f., council, ds. rune, 54.

S.

sacu, f., strife, battle, ds. saecce,

289.
sagan, wi., lay low, pp. ge-

jjieged, 294.
sselan, wi., £zW, pp. gesseled,

114.
saiowigpad, adj., dark-coated,

nsm. wk. salowigpada, 211.
sar, adj., grievous, sore, gp.

sarra, 183.

sceacan, vi., hasten, inf. 292.
scealc, m., man, np. scealcas,

230.
scearp, adj., sharp, asm.

scearpne, 78.
sceaS, f., sheath, ds. sceafte,

79 j dp. scea'Sum, 230.
sceaSa, m., enemy, gp. sceaft-

ena, 193.
sceotend, m., shooter, fighter,

np., 305.

sceran, iv., cut, cleave, pret.
3d plur. scsron, 305.

scild, m., shield, np. scildas,
204.

scildburh, f., testudo, roof of
shields, shield-roofed phalanx,
as. 305.

scir, adj., bright, gleaming,
apm. scire, 193.

Jscirmaled, adj., splendidly
marked, splendidly decorated,
apn. 230.

sculan, prp., shall, be about to,
3d sing, sceal, 119 ; ist plur.
sculon, 288 j pret. 3d sing,
sceolde, 63.

scur, m., storm of battle, dp.
scurum, 79 j shovjer, ap.
scuras, 221.

scyne, adj., beautiful, apf. 317.

scyppend, m., creator, gs.
scyppendes, 78.

se, dem. pron. and def. art.,
that, the, nsm 9, 20, 25, 28,
32, 44, 48, 52, 6 1, 68, 76,
94, in, 205, 206, 252,254,
256, 293, 309, 339; nsf. seo,
34, 56, 125, 160, 171, 176,
254, *56> 3245 nsn. J>aet,
12, no, 155, 2165 gsm.
Saes, 102, 151, 178 } >aes, 4
(2), 47, 126, 172, 248, 294$
gsf. J>£re, 137 j gsn. «aes, 5,
ao, 2395 (=for that), 342,

3475 )>aes, 60, 162, 205,
2345 dsm. «am, 3, 7, u,
119, 121, 127, 135, 217,
*95, 3*5, 3*°, 34-6, 347}
}>am, 346 } dsf. iSaere, 149,
167, 203, 327, 341 } J>£re,
286} dsn. ftam, 15, 40, 70,
141, 143 (2), 152, 255, 266,

^75, 336i **m, 43, 176 j
asm. $one, 71, 258, 259 ;
J>one, 75, 98, 100, 104, 106,
no j asf. Sa, 55, 58, in,
165, 236, 260, 307 } )>a, 35,
43 } asn. $aet, 10, 2045 )>aet,
*9, *4, 59, 82, 151, 182,
241, 276,283, 341 ;ism. >y,
12} isn. }>e, 53 } >on, 92 j np.
"Sa, 208, 236, 332} >a, 133 }
gp. J>ara, 158, 276 ; ap. Sam,
9, 220, 283 ; J>am, 175, 242 ;
ap. "Sa, 10.
se, rel. pron., that, asn. )>set,

33*, 339-
searod^ncol, adj., discerning,

sagacious, nsf. 145 ; gp.

searoftoncelra, 331.
secan, wi., seek, 3d sing. seceiS,

96.
s^cg, m., man, hero, np. secgas,

201.
slogan, W3-, tell, ascribe, pret.

3d sing, saegde, 342 } inf.

152.
S^ndan, wi., send, pret. 3d

sing, (or opt. pres. 3d sing.)
sende, 190 ; 3d plur. send on,
224.

se Se, rel. pron., that, gsn. J>aes
«e ( = since), 1 3 } (= be-
cause), 345 } npm. 'Sa'Se, 238,
297 }^a «e, 214, 323.

Sid, adj., roomy, ample, apf.
side, 338.

sigefolc, n., victorious people,
ds. sigefolce, 152.

sigerof, adj., earnest for victory,
valorous, np. siger5fe, 177.

sigeSuf, m., triumphal banner,
ap. [sigejftufas, 201.

sigewqng, m., field of victory,
ds. sigewonge, 295.

sigor, m., victory, triumph, gs.
sigores, 124 } as. 89 } is.
^ sigor(e), 299.

sigorlean, n., reward of vic-
tory, as. 345.

sin, pron., hist her, dsf. smre,
132 } dsn. sinum, 99 ; apm.
sine, 29.

sine, m., treasure, riches, gs.
sinces, 30, 340.

singan, in., sing, pret. 3d sing,
sang, 211.

sittan, v., sit, inf. 15; pret. 3d
plur. saeton, 141} opt. pret.
3d sing. sJete, 252.

siS, m., journey, time, as. 145;
is. s!5e, 73, 109.

SiS, adv., tardily, 275.
siSfaet, n., journey! ds. srSfate,

J36.

slaep, m., j/^/>, is. slaepe, 247.
slean, vi., smite, strike, pret.

3d sing, sloh, 103, 108} strike

down, slay, pret. 3d plur.

slogon, 231.

Jsl^gefaege, adj., doomed to per-
ish, apm. 247.
snel(l), adj., active, swift-morv-

™g> gP- snelra, 199.
snotor, adj., prudent, 'wise, nsf.

wk. snotere, .125; asf. wk.

snoteran, 55.
snude, adv., quickly, 55, 125,

199.
sqmod, adv., together, 163, 269,

282, 288.
sorg, f., sorrow, distress, gp.

sorga, 1825 dp. sorgum, 88.
soS, adj., true, asm. softne, 89,

345-
sparian, w2., spare, pret. 3d

plur. sparedon, 233.
spowan, rd. impers. w. dat.,

succeed, pret. 3d sing, speow,

274.
sprecan, v., speak, pret. 3d

sing, sprzec, 160, 176.
standan, vi., stand, pret. 3d

plur. stodon, 267.
starian, W2. ,gaze, inf. staria[n],

179.

steap, adj., deep, npm. steape,

!?•

tst^deheard, adj.,/r/w, strong,

apm. stedehearde, 223.
st^ppan, vi., step, march, pret.

3d plur. st5pon, 39, 69, 200,

212, 227.
st^rcedferhS, adj., resolute,

stout-hearted, npm. sterced-

ferh'Se, 55, stercedferlvSe, 227.
stiSmod, adj., stern, fierce, nsm.

wk. stiftmoda, 25.
strael, m., arrow, ap. straelas,

223.
stream, m., stream, water;

(plur.) sea, ap. streamas,

349-
styrman, wi., storm, pret. 3d

sing, styrmde, 25 j 3d plur.

sty rm don, 223.
Jstyrnmod, adj., stern of mood,

npm. styrnmode, 227.
sum, pron., a certain one, some

one, ns. 275 j asm. sumne,

148.

sundoryrfe, -m., private pro-
perty, gs. sundoryrfes, 340.
susl, n., torture, anguish, is.

susle, 114.
swa, adv., so, as, 28, 32, 67,

126, 130, 236.
swa, conj., as, 38, 95, 102,

123, 143, 197, 277; that,

68.

66

swasendo, npl., banquet, ap. 9.
swatig, adj., bloody, asm. swa-

tigne, 338.
swaou, f., track, footprint, ds.

swafte, 322.
swegel, n. , heaven, gs. swegles,

80, 88, 124, 345, 350.
sweora, m., neck, as. sweoran,

106.

jsweorcendferhS, adj., down-
cast, disconsolate, npm. sweorc-

endferhfte, 269.
sweord, n., sword, as. 3385 is.

sweorde, 89, 2895 ap. swyrd,

230, 318; ip. sweordum, 194,

295 j swyrdum, 264, 302,

322.
sweot, n., troop, army, ns.

299.

sweot ole, adv., clearly, 177.
sweotollice, adv., clearly, 136.
swima, m., swoon, ds. swlman,

30, 106.
swiS, adj., strong, comp. isf.

swISran (= right), 80.
sw\Se, adv., see swyfte.
swiSlic, adj., violent, furious,

asn. 240.
swiSmod, adj., vehement-souled,

stern, proud, nsm. 30, 340.
swiSrian, w2., destroy, pp. ge-

swiftrod, 266.

swutelian, w2., display, mani-
fest, pp. geswutelod, 285.

swylc, pron., such as, which,

asm. swylcne, 65.
swylce, adv., as, 18, 338, 344,

349-

swylce, conj., as if, 31.

swyrd, see sweord.

Iswyrdgeswing, n., sword-
stroke, sword-brandishing, as.
240.

swySe, adv., much, greatly, 88;
comp. swyftor, 182.

sylf, pron., self, own, gsm.
sylfes, 350 j dsf. sylfre, 336 j
asn. 204; gp. sylfra, 285.

sym(b)el, n., feast, ds. symle,

15-

symbel, n., continuance, per-
petuity, as. 44 (on symbel =
always).

sySSan, adv., after, since, 114.

sy&oan, conj., as soon as, 160,
168, 189, 218.

T.

tacnian, W2., signify, betoken,

pp. getacnod, 197, 286.
teon, n., draw, pull, pret. 3d

sing, teah, 99.
teran, iv., tear, inf. 281.
tid, f., time, ds. tide, 286 ; as.

307.
tilian, W2. w. gen., provide,

inf. 208.

tir, m., glory, ns. 157; gs. tires,
93, 272 ; as. 197.

JtiS, f., £///, £oo», as. trSe, 6.

to, prep. w. dat., to, 9, n, 15,
16, 36, 40, 43, 54, 73, 141,
I47,i52> l69> T76, 189, 196,
202, 213,220,275,281, 283,
312, 3275 in, 7, 323, 3465 as,
96, 174, 296, 297, 335; for,

120, 200, 348.

tobredan, HI. w. instr., shake

off, inf. t5bred[a]n, 247.
togeanes, prep.w. dat., toward,

149.
tohte, f., conflict, ds. tohtan,

197.
torht, adj., illustrious, asf. wk.

torhtan, 43.
torhtlic, adj., splendid, nsm.

*57-

torhtmod, adj., glorious, nsm.
6, 93.

torn, m., griff, rage, as. 272.

torne, adv., wretchedly, miser-
ably, 93.

toS, m., tooth, dp. tofton, 272.

toweard, adj., approaching, im-
minent, nsm. 157, 286.

traef, n. , tent, pavilion, ds. traefe,
43, 255; as. 268.

trum, adj., firm, settled, asm.
trumne, 6.

tweogan, W2., doubt, pret. 3d
sing, tweode, i, 346.

D.

Sa, adv., then, 2, 7, 15, 21,
34, 4i, 54, 55, 61, 64, 67,
77, 80, 94, 98, 103, 107,
108, 122, 130, 132, 138,

146, 147, 169, 176, 220,

269, 278, 290, 302, 324 ;

)>a, 73, 97, 107, 125, 159,

171, 199, 246, 272, 275,

280.

5a, conj., when, J>a, 3, 145.
Sser, adv., there, 113, 119,

284; Her, 17, 46, 308 ; SET,

2.

Sser, conj., where, Her, 40, 44,

_63-

Saerinne, adv., therein, 50 (cf.
also Her . . . inne, 44-45).

Saet, conj., that, }>aet, introducing
result clauses ; 4 (or, final),
48 (or final), 105, 106, no,
136 j introducing substantive
clauses : (a) subject, 156, 286;
(b) object, 27, 56, 89, 93,
1 1 8, 153, 1 68, 1 84 (or final),
188, 208, 240, 254, 276 (da-
tive relation, March, AS.
Gram. § 468, £).

Sancolmod, adj., discreet, heed-
ful, attentive, asf. }>ancolm6de,
172.

Sanonne, adv., thence, away.
J?anonne, 132.

68

Se, pron. , who, which, that, J>e,
50, 71, 96, 124, 158, 181,
235, 258, 284, 343, 347,
348 $ in locative sense (= in
which], )>e, 127, 288 (?).

Se, conj., )>e, since, because, 6.

Seah, adv., however, 257.

Seah, conj., J>eah, though, 20.

Searf, f., »**</, as. )>earfe, 3, 92.

Searfende, adj. , »m/y, dsf. J>earf-
endre (Ms. )>earf fendre)? 85.

Searle, adv., very, exceedingly,
>earle, 74, 86, 262, 268, 307.

JSearlmod, adj., stout-souled,
puissant, nsm. )>earlmod, 66,
91.

6eaw, m., conduct; in plur.,
morals, virtues, dp. "Seawum,
129.

Seg(e)n, m., warrior, np.
)>egnas, 307 ; 0#<vr, ap. «eg-
nas, 10.

S^ncan, wi., intend, mean, pret.
3d sing. J>6hte, 585 3d plur.
J>6hton, 208.

S^nden, conj., J>enden, while,
66.

Seoden, m., prince, king, ns.
66 ; beoden, 91; gs. heodnes,
165, 268; ds. heodne, 115
Lord, King, ds. }>eodne, 3.

ioeodguraa, m., man of the peo-
ple, np. )>eodguman, 208 j 'Seod-
guman, 332.

fSeowen, f., handmaid, ns.

>eowen, 74.
5es, pron., this, dsf. ftysse,

66; asm. )?ysne, 90 ; ism.

•Sys, 2j )>ys, 89 ; gp. Jjyssa,

187.
Sicgan, v., receive, pret. 3d

plur. >egon, 19.
Sin, pron., thy, gsf. >mre, 85,

91.
tSinen, f., handmaid, as. «in-

enne, 172.
Sing, n. , thing, deed, gs. "Singes,

60; as. Hng, 153.
Solian, W2., endure, pret. 3d

plur. )>oledon, 215 ; pres.

part. JxDligende, 272.
Sgnan, adv., thence, 118.
SqncwyrSe, adj., memorable,

asn. boncwyr^e, 153.
Sonne, conj., than, J>onne, 330.
Srag, f., time (ealle flrage =

continuously), as. t>rage, 237.
Srgat, m., company, cohort, is.

Create, 62; ip. "Sreatum, 164.
Sringan, in., throng, pret. 3d

plur. brungon, 164; press

forward, approach, inf. )>ring-

an, 249 j pp. ge-Srungen,

287.
Sryra, m., majesty, ns. -Srym,

86 ; brymmes, 60; courage, is.

Jrymme, 332; troop, ip. "Srym-

mum, 164.

Srymful, adj., majestic, peerless,

nsf. J>rymful, 74.
Srymllc, adj., sumptuous, apn.

)>rymlic, 8.
Srynes,f., Trinity, gs. flrynesse,

86.
Su, pron., thou, as. "Se, 83; np.

ge, 153, 158, 177, 196 ; dp.

eow, 152, 154, 156, 188,

197 5 ap. eow, 188.
Surfan, prp. need, pres. 3d sing.

"Searf, 1175 opt. pres. 2d

plur. }>yrfen, 153.
Surh, prep. w. ace., through,

Jmrh, 49 (adv.?), 151, 3045

by means of, 186, 198, 334,

35°-

Sus, adv., thus, J>us, 93.

Susendmaelum, adv., by thou-
sands, Kisendmslum, 165.

Syder, adv., thither, >yder, 129.

Systre, adj., gloomy, nsf. J?ystre,

34-

Systru, f., shade, darkness dp.
Jjystrum, 1 1 8.

U

ufan, adv., above, onufan, 252.

under, prep. w. dat., under,

67, 203, 219, 333; w. ace.,

unlaed, adj., miserable, gsm. un-
laedan, 102.

unlyfigende, adj., dead, gsm.
unlyfigendes, 180; dp. un-
lyfigendum, 316.

unnan, prp. w. dat. of person
and gen. of thing, grant, pret.
3d sing. uSe, 123, 183.

unrot, adj., dejected, joyless,
npm. unrote, 284.

unsofte, adv., harshly, cruelly,
228.

tunswseslic, adj., ungentle, bit-
ter, grievous, asm. unswies-
licne, 65.

unsyfre, adj., impure, nsm. wk.
unsyfra, 76.

up, adv., up, 9.

urigfeSere, adj., dewy-feath-
ered, nsm. urigfe'Sera, 210.

ut of, prep., out, 70, 135.

ute, adv., outside, 284.

W

waeccan, wi., watch, pres. part.

wseccende, 142.
wselglfre, adj., greedy for

slaughter, ravenous, nsm.

207 5 dp. waelgifrum, 296.
twaelscel, n. (?), carnage, as.

waepen, n., weapon, ap. 291.
wserloga, m., truce-breaker,

perfidious one, traitor, as.

wsrlogan, 71.

7o

wald, m., forest, ewold, ds.

walde, 206.
waldend, m., ruler, king, ns.

5, 61.
wan, adj., </<zr£, black, nsm. wk.

wanna, 206.
fweagesiS, m., companion in

fwoe, np. weagesrSas, 16.
weall, m., 'wall, gs. wealles,

1515 as. 1 6 1 j ap. weallas,

137.
wealgeat, n., rampart-gate, ds.

wealgate, 141.

weard, m., guardian, as. 80.
weard, f., 'ward, 'watch, as.

wearde, 142.
weard, adv., toward, wifl . . .

weard, 99.
wegan, v., carry, pret. 3d plur.

wSgon, 326.

wel, adv., 'well, 27, 103.
wenan, wi. w. gen., suspect,

apprehend, pret. 3d sing.

wende, 20.
weorpan, in., cast, fling, pret.

3d plur. wurpon, 291.
weorSan, in., become, be, pret.

3d sing. wearS, 21, 57, 97,

155, 166, 199, 216, 265,

275 j 3d plur. wurdon, 159 ;

impers. w. ace., pp. geword-

en, 260.
weorSian, W2., honor, pp. ge-

weorSod, 299.

weorSmynd, f., honor, as.
weorSmynde, 343.

wer, m., man, np. weras, 71,
142, 163, 241 j ap. weras,
249.

werigferhS, adj., iveary-
hearted, sad of heart, npm.
werigferMSe, 291 5 apm. [wer-
ig]ferh-Se, 249.

werod, n., host, ns. 199 ; gp.
weroda, 343.

wesan, anv., be, 3d sing, ys,
86, (87), 93, 154, 156, 285,
2865 3d plur. syndon, 195;
pret. 3d sing, waes, 12, 46,
56> 73> IJ3» J46, 161, 168,
272, 314 j (with negative pre-
fix : naes, 107, 2575) 3 d plur.
wsron, 17, 225, 238, 255,
284, 305, 3*35 opt- pres. 3d
sing, sy, 347 } pret. 3d plur.
wieron, 3 1 .

wld,adj., distant, enduring, dsn.
wk. wldan, 348.

•wide, adv., far and *wide,
156.

widl, n., pollution, defilement,
ds. wldle, 59.

wif, n., 'woman, ns. 148, 163.

wiga, m., 'warrior, gp. wigena,
49.

wiggend, sm., 'warrior, as.
258 j, np. 69, 141, 313 j dp.
wiggendum, 283.

wiht, adv., a whit, at all,

274..

willa, m., enjoyment, gratifica-
tion, ds. willan, 296.
willan, anv., will, desire, ist

sing, wylle, 84, 187 j pret. 3d

sing, wolde, 59, 183.
win, n., wine, ds. wine, 29 j is.

wine, 67.

wind, m., 'wind, as. 348.
windan, m., roll, pret. 3d sing.

wand, no.
winedryhten, m., friendly lord,

as. (Ms. wina-), 274.
wingedrinc, n., wine-drinking,

wassail, ds. wmgedrince, 16.
Jwlnhate, f., invitation to wine,

as. wmhatan, 8.
winsaed, adj., wine-sated,

npm. wmsade, 71.
witan, prp., know, pret. 3d

plur. w[i]stan, 207 ; with pre-
fixed ne: pret. 3d sing, nyste,

68.
wite, n., torment, agony, ip.

witum, 115.
wiS, prep. w. gen., against,

toward, 4, 99, 162, 248 j w.

ace., 'with, 260.
wiSertrod, n., retreat, as. 313.
wlanc, adj., lordly, stately, nsf.

326 j npm. wlance, 16.
wlitan, i., look, inf. 49.
wlitig, adj., fair, beauteous,

71

gsf. wk. wlitegan, 137, dsn.
wk. wlitegan, 255.

wolcen, n., cloud, gp. wolcna,
67.

W9m, m., foulness, sin, ds.
womme, 59.

W9mfull, adj., foul, nsm. 77.

word, m., word, as. 82, 151,
283 j ip. wordum, 241.

worn, m., multitude, dp. worn-
urn, 163.

woruld, f., ^world, as. 156; ds.
worulde, 66.

woruldbuend, m., world-
dweller, gp. woruldbuendra,
82.

wr^ccan, wi., awake, arouse,
pret. 3d plur. wrehton, 228,

*43-
wuldor,n., glory, ns. 155, 248 j

gs. wuldres, 595 ds. wuldre,

345; as. 343.

Jwuldorblad, m., glorious suc-
cess, ns. 156.
wulf, m., wolf, ns. 206 5 dp.

wulfum, 296.
wundenlocc,adj., curly-haired,

nsf. 77, 103, 326.
wundor, n., 'wonder, dp. wun-

drum, 8.
wunian, w2., dwell, pret. 3d

sing, wunode, 675 inf. 119.
wyllan, see willan.
wyrcean, wi., make, pret. 3d

72

plur. worhton, 503 5 strive,

pret. 3d sing, worhte, 65 ;

inf. 8.
wyrm, m., serpent, snake, ip.

wyrmum, 115.
twyrms^le, m., serpent-hall,

ds. 119.

yean, wi., augment, aggravate,

inf. 183.
ymbe, prep. w. ace., around,

47, 268.
yrre, adj., wrathful, npm. 225.

Judith, (ed. A.S. Cook)

PR
1730
.A2C6